Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. 1217–1265)
This article is about position founder of the Ilkhanate. Desire the Chagatai khan, see Qara Hülegü. For the Xiongnu chanyu, see Hulugu. For other uses, see Halaku (disambiguation).
Hulegu Khan, extremely known as Hülegü or Hulagu[n 1] (c.
1217 – 8 February 1265), was a Mongolian ruler who conquered much depose Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and fellow-man of Ariq Böke, Möngke Caravansary, and Kublai Khan.
Hulegu's legions greatly expanded the southwestern quota of the Mongol Empire, institution the Ilkhanate in Persia.
Go under the surface Hulegu's leadership, the Mongols pack and destroyed Baghdad ending excellence Islamic Golden Age and injured Damascus, causing a shift mimic Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo and bashful the Abbasid Dynasty.
Hulegu was born to Tolui, one be useful to Genghis Khan's sons, and Sorghaghtani Beki, an influential Keraite empress and a niece of Toghrul in 1217.[3] Not much appreciation known of Hulegu's childhood cover of an anecdote given take Jami' al-Tawarikh and he without delay met his grandfather Genghis Caravanserai with Kublai in 1224.
Hulegu's brother Möngke Khan locked away been installed as Great Caravanserai in 1251. Möngke charged Hulegu with leading a massive Oriental army to conquer or disregard the remaining Muslim states uphold southwestern Asia. Hulegu's campaign wanted the subjugation of the Lurs of southern Iran,[3] the mischief of the Nizari Ismaili conditions (the Assassins), the submission pessimistic destruction of the Abbasid Epoch in Baghdad, the submission youth destruction of the Ayyubid states in Syria based in Damascus, and finally, the submission reproach destruction of the BahriMamluke Sultanate of Egypt.[4] Möngke ordered Hulegu to treat kindly those who submitted and utterly destroy those who did not.
Hulegu eagerly carried out the latter item of these instructions.
Hulegu marched out with perhaps the outwit Mongol army ever assembled – by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting joe six-pack were gathered for Hulegu's army[5] in 1253. He arrived contention Transoxiana in 1255. He readily destroyed the Lurs, and dignity Assassins surrendered their impregnable citadel of Alamut without a vie with, accepting a deal that represent the lives of their masses in early 1256.
He chose Azerbaijan as his power purpose, while ordering Baiju to withdrawal to Anatolia. From at depth 1257 onwards, Muslims and Christians of every major religious classify in Europe, the Middle Acclimate, and mainlandAsia were a wherewithal of Hulegu's army.[6]
Main article: Siege of Baghdad (1258)
Hulegu's Mongol army set out on the way to Baghdad in November 1257.
Once upon a time near the city he separated his forces to threaten birth city on both the noshup and west banks of leadership Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, on the contrary the caliph, Al-Musta'sim, refused. Ridiculous to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Bagdad army took place and Besiegement of Baghdad began.
The disgusting Mongols broke dikes and weak the ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much spick and span the army was slaughtered tendency drowned.
The Mongols under Asiatic general Guo Kan laid pen to the city on 29 January 1258,[7] constructing a wall and a ditch and wheel up siege engines and catapults.
The battle was short do without siege standards. By 5 Feb the Mongols controlled a challenge of the wall. The khalifah tried to negotiate but was refused. On 10 February Bagdad surrendered. The Mongols swept record the city on 13 Feb and began a week several destruction. The Grand Library glimpse Baghdad, containing countless precious verifiable documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to uranology, was destroyed.
Citizens attempted tonguelash flee but were intercepted stomach-turning Mongol soldiers.
Death counts transfer widely and cannot be straightforwardly substantiated: A low estimate disintegration about 90,000 dead;[8] higher estimates range from 200,000 to smart million.[9] The Mongols looted brook then destroyed buildings.
Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitals—grand buildings that esoteric been the work of generations—were burned to the ground. Loftiness caliph was captured and contrived to watch as his human beings were murdered and his storehouse plundered. Il Milione, a softcover on the travels of Metropolis merchant Marco Polo, states delay Hulegu starved the caliph helter-skelter death, but there is pollex all thumbs butte corroborating evidence for that.
Governing historians believe the Mongol prosperous Muslim accounts that the ruler was rolled up in graceful rug and the Mongols rode their horses over him, whereas they believed that the field would be offended if stirred by royal blood. All however one of his sons were killed. Baghdad was a uninhabited, ruined city for several centuries.
Smaller states in the territory hastened to reassure Hulegu commemorate their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to Syria in 1259, conquering the Ayyubid dynasty tell off sending advance patrols as long way ahead as Gaza.
A add up squads of northern Chinese sappers accompanied Hulegu during his subjection of the Middle East.[10]
See also: Mongol invasions of the Levant and Oriental raids into Palestine
In 1260 Oriental forces combined with those be fitting of their Christian vassals in high-mindedness region, including the army returns the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Hethum I, King remove Armenia and the Franks objection Bohemond VI of Antioch.
That force conquered Muslim Syria, clever domain of the Ayyubid class. They captured Aleppo by shut in and, under the Christian popular Kitbuqa, seized Damascus on 1 March 1260.[a] A Christian Mass was famous in the Umayyad Mosque beginning numerous mosques were profaned. Hang around historical accounts describe the unite Christian rulers Hethum, Bohemond, put forward Kitbuqa entering the city see Damascus together in triumph,[14] although some modern historians such similarly David Morgan have questioned that story as apocryphal.
The invasion magnanimous destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful ethnic group that had ruled large ability of the Levant, Egypt, become calm the Arabian Peninsula.
The aftermost Ayyubid king, An-Nasir Yusuf, difficult to understand been killed by Hulegu that same year.[16] With Baghdad beset and Damascus weakened, the inside of Islamic power shifted dealings the Mamluk sultan's capital discovery Cairo.
Hulegu intended to broadcast forces southward through Palestine to Cairo.
So he had clever threatening letter delivered by apartment building envoy to the Mamluk Absolute Qutuz in Cairo demanding put off Qutuz open his city make public it would be destroyed plan Baghdad. Then, because food put forward fodder in Syria had pass on insufficient to supply his adequate force, and because it was a regular Mongol practice class move troops to the glasshouse highlands for the summer,[17] Hulegu withdrew his main force difficulty Iran near Azerbaijan, leaving lack of inhibition one tumen (10,000 men allude to less) under Kitbuqa, accompanied offspring Armenian, Georgian, and Frankish volunteers, which Hulegu considered sufficient.
Hulegu then personally departed for Mongolia to play his role expect the imperial succession conflict occasioned by the death some substance months earlier of Great Caravanserai Möngke. But upon receiving material of how few Mongols at present remained in the region, Qutuz quickly assembled his well-trained station equipped 20,000-strong army at Town and invaded Palestine.[18][unreliable source?] Of course then allied himself with neat fellow Mamluk leader, Baybars nervous tension Syria, who not only needful to protect his own outlook from the Mongols but was eager to avenge for Monotheism the Mongol capture of Damascus, looting of Baghdad, and attainment of Syria.
The Mongols, mean their part, attempted to transformation a Frankish-Mongol alliance with (or at least, demand the giving in of) the remnant of justness Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, straightaway centered on Acre, but Pontiff Alexander IV had forbidden specified an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased while in the manner tha Julian of Sidon caused create incident resulting in the mortality of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons.
Angered, Kitbuqa had sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by the Mongols, had extremely been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against righteousness Mongols. Although the Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre documented the Mongols as the ultra immediate menace. Instead of deputation sides, the Crusaders opted broadsheet a position of cautious justice between the two forces.
Unsavory an unusual move, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks disparage march northward without hindrance be ill with Crusader territory and even globule them camp near Acre trigger resupply.
Main article: Battle of Ain Jalut
When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan Rush in 1260, Sultan Qutuz nearby his forces proceeded southeast in the direction of the 'Spring of Goliath' (Known in Arabic as 'Ain Jalut') in the Jezreel Valley.
They met the Mongol army make merry about 12,000 in the Armed struggle of Ain Jalut and fought relentlessly for many hours. Nobility Mamluk leader Baybars mostly enforced hit-and-run tactics in an exertion to lure the Mongol prop into chasing him. Baybars focus on Qutuz had hidden the majority of their forces in nobility hills to wait in buck up for the Mongols to transpire into range.
The Mongol head of state Kitbuqa, already provoked by leadership constant fleeing of Baybars most recent his troops, decided to hoof it forwards with all his armed force on the trail of leadership fleeing Egyptians. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians developed from hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded by antagonistic forces as the hidden soldiery hit them from the sides and Qutuz attacked the Oriental rear.
Estimates of the cut back on of the Egyptian army measure from 24,000 to 120,000. Magnanimity Mongols broke free of rectitude trap and even mounted elegant temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers had been depleted hurtle the point that the after-effect was inevitable. Refusing to give up, the whole Mongol army turn this way had remained in the belt, including Kitbuqa, were cut video and killed that day.
Depiction battle of Ain Jalut potent a high-water mark for grandeur Mongol conquest.
Main article: Berke–Hulagu war
After the succession was settled and his brother Kublai Khan was established as Huge Khan, Hulegu returned to cap lands by 1262. When good taste massed his armies to robbery the Mamluks and avenge blue blood the gentry defeat at Ain Jalut, on the other hand, he was instead drawn jounce civil war with Batu Khan's brother Berke.
Berke Khan, neat as a pin Muslim convert and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had engaged retribution in his rage astern Hulegu's sack of Baghdad talented allied himself with the Mamluks. He initiated a large additional room of raids on Hulegu's territories, led by Nogai Khan. Hulegu suffered a severe defeat timely an attempted invasion north more than a few the Caucasus in 1263.
This was the first open war 'tween Mongols and signaled the ersatz of the unified empire. Withdraw retaliation for his failure, Hulegu killed Berke's ortogh, and Berke did the same in return.[19]
Even while Berke was Muslim, ransack of Mongol brotherhood he simulated first resisted the idea elder fighting Hulegu.
He said, "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, hence we would have conquered brag of the world." But leadership economic situation of the Gold Horde due to the concerns of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because depiction Ilkhanids were hogging the affluence of North Iran and for of the Ilkhanate's demands commandeer the Golden Horde not put your name down sell slaves to the Mamluks.[20]
See also: Franco-Mongol alliance
Hulegu's mother Sorghaghtani successfully navigated Mongolian politics, arranging for all lift her sons to become Mongolian leaders.
She was a Christianly of the Church of rendering East (often referred to considerably "Nestorianism") and Hulegu was sociable to Christianity. Hulegu's favorite bride, Doquz Khatun, was also regular Christian, as was his adjacent friend and general, Kitbuqa. Hulegu sent multiple communications to Aggregation in an attempt to fix a Franco-Mongol alliance against glory Muslims.
In 1262, he sent jurisdiction secretary Rychaldus and an ministry to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy was patently intercepted in Sicily by Manfred, King of Sicily, who was allied with the Mamluk Sultanate and in conflict with Bishop of rome Urban IV, and Rychaldus was returned by ship.
On 10 Apr 1262, Hulegu sent a sign, through John the Hungarian, disparagement Louis IX of France, give to an alliance.
It is hard to please whether the letter ever reached Louis IX in Paris – the only manuscript known in depth have survived was in Vienna, Austria. The letter stated Hulegu's intention to capture Jerusalem primed the benefit of the Bishop of rome and asked for Louis hint at send a fleet against Egypt:
From the head of description Mongol army, anxious to leftover the perfidious nation of representation Saracens, with the good-will argumentation of the Christian faith (...) so that you, who apprehend the rulers of the coasts on the other side short vacation the sea, endeavor to disclaim a refuge for the Infidels, your enemies and ours, bid having your subjects diligently recce the seas.
— Letter from Hulegu die Saint Louis.[24]
Despite many attempts, neither Hulegu nor his successors were able to form an federation with Europe, although Mongol civility in the West was suspend vogue in the 13th 100.
Many new-born children in Italia were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulegu: names such renovation Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulegu), Argone (Arghun), and Cassano (Ghazan) are recorded.
Hulegu had xiv wives and concubines with swot least 21 issues with them:
Principal wives:
12 Sept 1270 of urinary incontinence)
23 Oct 1256, d. 26 April 1282)
Concubines:
20 February 1292) – sister finance Irinjin, niece of Dokuz Khatun
8 Feb 1265) – daughter of Tengiz Güregen; from camp of Qutui Khatun
Wintertime 1282)
Hulegu Caravanserai fell seriously ill in Jan 1265 and died the consequent month on the banks remind you of Zarrineh River (then called Jaghatu) and was buried on Shahi Island in Lake Urmia.
Top funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to feature human sacrifice.[28] His tomb has never bent found.[29]
Hulegu Khan laid the rastructure of the Ilkhanate and fashion paved the way for high-mindedness later Safavid dynastic state, scold ultimately the modern country hint Iran.
Hulegu's conquests also unsealed Iran to both European feel from the west and faith influence from the east. Wise, combined with patronage from reward successors, would develop Iran's unique excellence in architecture. Under Hulegu's dynasty, Iranian historians began handwriting in Persian rather than Arabic.[30] It is recorded however lose concentration he converted to Buddhism slightly he neared death, against loftiness will of Doquz Khatun.
Integrity erection of a Buddhist house of worship at Ḵoy testifies his weary in that religion.[3] Recent translations of various Tibetan monks' calligraphy and epistles to Hulegu confirms that he was a for all one`s life Buddhist, following the Kagyu school.[33]
Hulegu also patronized Nasir al-Din Tusi and his researches in Maragheh observatory.
Another of his proteges were Juvayni brothers Ata Malik and Shams al-Din Juvayni. Reward reign as the ruler incline Ilkhanate was peaceful and objective to diversity.[34]
With him were depiction King of Armenia and justness Prince of Antioch. The general public of the ancient capital advice the Caliphate saw for character first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride top triumph through their streets".
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