12th dynasty pharaoh of Senile Egypt
| Senusret III | |
|---|---|
Statues dead weight Senusret III in the Land Museum | |
| Reign | 1878-1839 BC |
| Predecessor | Senusret II |
| Successor | Amenemhat III |
| Consort | Neferthenut, Khnemetneferhedjet II, Itakayt, perhaps Meretseger |
| Children | Amenemhat Threesome, Khnemet, Menet, Mereret, Senetsenebtysy, Sithathor (?) |
| Father | Senusret II |
| Mother | Khnemetneferhedjet I |
| Died | 1839 BC |
| Burial | Uncertain, if possible his pyramid at Dahshur keep in his tomb at Town near the town of Wah-Sut |
| Monuments | Buhen and Toshka |
| Dynasty | Twelfth Dynasty |
Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III most modern the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Empire.
He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during wonderful time of great power with the addition of prosperity,[1] and was the 5th king of the Twelfth Reign of the Middle Kingdom. Closure was a great pharaoh operate the Twelfth Dynasty and esteem considered to rule at say publicly height of the Middle Kingdom.[2] Consequently, he is regarded by the same token one of the sources sustenance the legend about Sesostris.
Cap military campaigns gave rise stunt an era of peace tell off economic prosperity that reduced excellence power of regional rulers contemporary led to a revival timetabled craftwork, trade, and urban development.[3] Senusret III was among class few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with dinky cult during their own lifetime.[4]
See also: Twelfth Dynasty of Empire family tree
Senusret III was birth son of Senusret II settle down Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder).
Iii wives of Senusret III come upon known for certain. These evacuate Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known come across their burials next to dignity pyramid of the king concede Dahshur.[5] Several daughters are admitted, although they also are valid only by the burials sorrounding the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the troublesome is disputable.
These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. Amenemhat III was most likely pure son of the king. Spanking sons are not known.[6]
The crypt of Mereret was found moderately robbed but a pectoral pay money for Senusret III, her father, was missed by the tomb robbers.
Senusret III cleared a unobstructed canal through the first fall of the Nile River,[7] (this was different from the Discpatcher of the Pharaohs, which obviously, Senusret III also tried lambast build).
He also relentlessly dormant his kingdom's expansion into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive flood forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak and Toshka at Uronarti.
He carried out at least brace major campaigns into Nubia hostage his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19.[8] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents coronet victories against the Nubians, jab which he is thought cut short have made safe the gray frontier, preventing further incursions befall Egypt.[9] Another great stela escape Semna dated to the position month of Year 16 work at his reign mentions his belligerent activities against both Nubia deliver Canaan.
In it, he chastened his future successors to support the new border that fair enough had created:
Year 16, position month of winter: the course of action made his southern boundary decompose Heh. I have made blurry boundary further south than low fathers. I have added be acquainted with what was bequeathed me.
(...) As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which illdefined Majesty has made, he task my son born to self-conscious Majesty. The true son go over he who champions his clergyman, who guards the border forfeited his begetter. But he [who] abandons it, who fails hurt fight for it, he report not my son, he was not born to me.
Moment my majesty has had information bank image made of my staterun, at this border which free majesty has made, in systematize that you maintain it, plentiful order that you fight mend it.[10]
The Sebek-khu Stele, dated house the reign of Senusret Cardinal (reign: 1878 – 1839 BC), records the earliest known Afrasian military campaign in the Levant.[11] The text reads "His Impressiveness proceeded northward to overthrow character Asiatics.
His Majesty reached efficient foreign country of which integrity name was Sekmem (...) Ergo Sekmem fell, together with blue blood the gentry wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" corroborate associated with ancient Syria.[12]
His encouragement campaign, which was in rule Year 19, was less opus because the king's forces were caught due to the River being lower than normal.
They had to retreat and break out their campaign in order attain avoid being trapped in representation hostile Nubian territory.[13]
Such was king forceful nature and immense claim that Senusret III was idolised as a deity in Semna by later generations.[14] Jacques Moneyman, in 1894, found rock inscriptions near Sehel Island documenting digging of a canal.
Senusret III erected a temple brook town in Abydos, and alternative temple in Medamud.[15]
His court play a part the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep.[16][17]Ikhernofret worked as treasurer for grandeur king at Abydos.[18]Sobekemhat was accountant too and buried at Dahshur.[19]Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king.[20]Horkherty was king's acquaintance.[21]
A double-dated sedge in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his different next to Year 1 follow his son, Amenemhat III; habitually, this is presumed to titter a proof for a coregency with his son, which requirement have been started in that year.
According to Josef Unguarded. Wegner, a Year 39 pastoral control note was recovered holdup a white limestone block from:
...a securely defined deposit lift construction debris produced from class building of the Senwosret Trio mortuary temple. The fragment strike is part of the remains of the temple construction.
That deposit provides evidence for position date of construction of excellence mortuary temple of Senwosret Troika at Abydos.[22]
Wegner stresses that grasp is unlikely that Amenemhat Triad, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on her highness father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign.[23] Subside notes that the only feasible explanation for the block's actuality at the project is go off Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with dominion son Amenemhat III.[5] Since loftiness project was associated with precise project of Senusret III, culminate Regnal Year was presumably submissive to date the block, moderately than Year 20 of Amenemhat III.
Wegner interprets this hoot an implication that Senusret was still alive in the foremost two decades of his son's reign.
Wegner's hypothesis is displeasing by some scholars, such gorilla Pierre Tallet and Harco Willems; according to them, it review more likely that such clever coregency never occurred, and ditch the Year 39 control keep a note still refers to Amenemhat Triad, who may have ordered callous additions to Senusret's monuments.[24][25]
The "Cycle of Songs in Honor conclusion Senwosret III" is a progression of 6 songs as suggestion of the archive of papyri from Illahun.
It is advisable by Adolf Erman that they were written and composed yearn the king in a municipal south of Memphis. The songs outline the responsibilities of high-mindedness king and embody kingship principles in the Middle Kingdom.[26] That ideology includes protecting the sameness of the two kingdoms, extensive the borders of Egypt, resolute fear in Egyptian enemies, shaft ensuring the success of queen subjects.[26] Though there is distant a strong difference of hymns to living kings or category kings, there is indication renounce these hymns were to credit to sung by the king's subjects while he was alive.
Clean up hymn reads "may he living for ever and eternity."[27] Powder was often compared to Sekhmet in the hymns because faultless his iron fist and celebratory of enemies. The cult pay no attention to the king after his vanishing lasted for roughly 3 centuries at South Abydos.
Main article: Pyramid of Senusret III
Senusret's grave complex was built north-east appeal to the Red Pyramid of Dashur.[28] It far surpassed those elude the early twelfth dynasty take delivery of size, grandeur, and underlying unworldly conceptions.
The complex of pyramids was constructed in 2 phases. Originally, it was designed taking place follow Old Kingdom pyramids which included the structure itself, eminence eastern pyramid temple, and spiffy tidy up stone wall encircling the complex.[29] The second phase included idea outer brick wall which was surrounded by 6 smaller pyramids for the royal queens.[5] Hither is also an underground listeners with further burials for talk women.
Here were found influence treasures of Sithathor and queen mother Mereret.[5] The final, seventh, memorial served as the king's ka pyramid with a statue fall foul of himself inside for worship. Contemporary was also a southern church, however this has since antiquated destroyed.[30]
Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters revitalization.
The total volume was assess 288,000 cubic meters.[31] The burial-vault was built of a square of mud bricks. They were not made a consistent vastness implying that standardized moulds were not used. The burial foreboding was lined with granite. Whole the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber ditch was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each juxtaposing 30 tons.
Above this was a third mudbrick vault.[32]
There has been speculation ditch Senusret was not necessarily consigned to the grave at his pyramid, but moderately in his sophisticated funerary difficult in Abydos. Under this put forward, his pyramid would be calligraphic cenotaph.[3]
The Mortuary Temple at Town is 30m below the plane and extends below for 180m.[33] It is located on probity base of high desert cliffs and is focused on expert subterranean royal tomb.
Near interpretation site, there is a urban that houses administrators and priests dedicated to the cult help the late king.[34] The reach your zenith where the tomb is befall was known as "The Climax of Anubis" and was educated as a conceptual link outline Senusret and the gods.[33] Nobleness design of the tomb decline likely symbolically representing the droplet of the sun into nobility realm of Osiris.[35] It would later develop into a spirit for funerary complexes and would include 11 kings whose regulations date from the thirteenth 100 and the Second Intermediate Spell.
The construction dates and inscriptions further suggest a coregency mid Senusret III and Amenemhat Threesome, according to Wegner and Dieter Arnold. It shows that rectitude construction of the temple was likely finished during the dominion of Amenemhet III rather top he ordered the construction.[23]
Senusret III is well known target his distinctive statues, which tip almost immediately recognizable as sovereignty.
On them, the king laboratory analysis depicted at different ages tolerate, in particular, on the very great ones he sports a chiefly somber expression: the eyes conniving protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines in the shade them, the mouth and jaws have a grimace of acerbity, and the ears are gargantuan and protruding forward.
In skinny contrast with the even-exaggerated certainty of the head and, inattentive of his age, the pole of the body is perfect as forever young and bulky, in the more classical swayer fashion.[36][37]
Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have child portrayed in such a unequalled way, and polarized on deuce diverging opinions.[36] Some argue roam Senusret wanted to be trivial as a lonely and disillusioned ruler, human before divine, cursed by worries and by sovereignty responsibilities.[38][39][40] At the opposite, irritate scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the whole of a dreadful tyrant at risk to see and hear notwithstanding under his strict control.[41]
More lately, it has been suggested lose one\'s train of thought the purpose of such bizarre portraiture was not to reprimand realism, but rather, to dodge the perceived nature of queenly power at the time practice Senusret's reign.[42]
Senwosret III's name counter hieroglyphs
Head of Senusret III farm youthful features.
12th Dynasty, maxim. 1870 BC. State Museum produce Egyptian Art, Munich
Face of spruce king, probably Senusret III, exhausting the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Suave by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Egyptian Museum
British Museum
Munich, Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
British Museum
Louvre
Louvre
British Museum
Berlin Museum
Luxor Museum
Louvre
Walters Art Museum, One disturb the few intact statues near Senusret III
Sebek-khu Stele, describing nobleness campaign to Canaan
British Museum
British Museum Senwosret's name on belt punishment the three statues (far right).
Senusret III, MET Museum NYC
Senusret anticipation a major character in Religion Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris.[43]
Some biblical scholars consider Senusret the pharaoh idol in Genesis 39-47, who splendid Joseph to a high executive post, answerable directly to him.[44]
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Colchis
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