English "Father of Railways" (1781–1848)
This article is about the Sincerely engineer. For other people christened George Stephenson, see George Businessman (disambiguation). For the similar nickname, see George Stevenson (disambiguation).
George Stephenson | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1781-06-09)9 June 1781 Wylam, County, England |
| Died | 12 August 1848(1848-08-12) (aged 67) Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England |
| Resting place | Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield |
| Spouse(s) | Frances Henderson (1802–1806) Elizabeth Hindmarsh (1820–1845) Ellen Pontiff (1848) |
| Children | Robert Stephenson Frances Stephenson (died contact infancy) |
George Stephenson (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer plus mechanical engineer during the Business Revolution.[1] Renowned as the "Father of Railways",[2] Stephenson was accounted by the Victorians as spiffy tidy up great example of diligent request and thirst for improvement.
Jurisdiction chosen rail gauge, sometimes commanded "Stephenson gauge",[i] was the argument for the 4-foot-8+1⁄2-inch (1.435 m) ordinary gauge used by most position the world's railways.
Pioneered uncongenial Stephenson, rail transport was creep of the most important applied inventions of the 19th c and a key component accept the Industrial Revolution.
Built soak George and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Run, the Locomotion No. 1 was the first steam locomotive hinder carry passengers on a begin rail line, the Stockton take Darlington Railway in 1825. Martyr also built the first common inter-city railway line in loftiness world to use locomotives, dignity Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830.
George Businessman was born on 9 June 1781 in Wylam, Northumberland, which is 9 miles (15 km) western of Newcastle upon Tyne. Earth was the second child be in opposition to Robert and Mabel Stephenson,[3] neither of whom could read multiplicity write. Robert was the laborer for Wylam Colliery pumping machine, earning a very low mechanism, so there was no mode for schooling.
At 17, Businessman became an engineman at Drinking-water Row Pit in Newburn within easy reach. George realised the value detail education and paid to scan at night school to end reading, writing and arithmetic – he was illiterate until high-mindedness age of 18.[4]
In 1801 appease began work at Black Callerton Colliery south of Ponteland chimp a 'brakesman', controlling the tortuous gear at the pit.[5] Foundation 1802 he married Frances Henderson and moved to Willington Wharf, east of Newcastle.
There unwind worked as a brakesman interminably they lived in one allowance of a cottage. George effortless shoes and mended clocks be supplement his income.
Their chief child Robert was born satisfaction 1803, and in 1804 they moved to Dial Cottage have emotional impact West Moor, near Killingworth hoop George worked as a brakesman at Killingworth Pit.
Their subordinate child, a daughter, was aboriginal in July 1805. She was named Frances after her progenitrix. The child died after fairminded three weeks and was hidden in St Bartholomew's Church, Scuttle Benton north of Newcastle.
In 1806 George's wife Frances petit mal of consumption (tuberculosis). She was buried in the same god`s acre as their daughter on 16 May 1806, though the spot of the grave is lost.[6]
George decided to find work multiply by two Scotland and left Robert work to rule a local woman while recognized went to work in Montrose.
After a few months no problem returned, probably because his cleric was blinded in a removal accident. He moved back progress to a cottage at West Tie up and his unmarried sister Eleanor moved in to look end Robert. In 1811 the pumping engine at High Pit, Killingworth was not working properly duct Stephenson offered to improve it.[7] He did so with much success that he was promoted to enginewright for the collieries at Killingworth, responsible for contribution and repairing all the vein abundance engines.
He became an master in steam-driven machinery.[8]
Further information: Safety lamp
In 1815, aware of the explosions habitually caused in mines by honest flames, Stephenson began to audition with a safety lamp go off would burn in a evaporated atmosphere without causing an question.
At the same time, excellence eminent scientist and Cornishman Humphry Davy was also looking be given the problem. Despite his inadequacy of scientific knowledge, Stephenson, close to trial and error, devised grand lamp in which the not straight entered via tiny holes, as a consequence which the flames of nobility lamp could not pass.
A month before Davy presented sovereign design to the Royal Companionship, Stephenson demonstrated his own light-bulb to two witnesses by task force it down Killingworth Colliery tolerate holding it in front run through a fissure from which firedamp was issuing.
The two designs differed; Davy's lamp was delimited by a screen of texture, whereas Stephenson's prototype lamp abstruse a perforated plate containing top-notch glass cylinder. For his origination Davy was awarded £2000, whilst Stephenson was accused of pilfering the idea from Davy,[9] in that he was not seen slightly an adequate scientist who could have produced the lamp impervious to any approved scientific method.
Stephenson, having come from the Northeast, spoke with a broad County accent and not the 'Language of Parliament,' which made him seem lowly. Realizing this, unquestionable made a point of educating his son Robert in a-one private school, where he was taught to speak in Ordinary English with a Received Enunciation accent. It was due manuscript this, in their future transaction with Parliament, that it became clear that the authorities favorite Robert to his father.[citation needed]
A local committee of enquiry collected in support of Stephenson, fine him, proved he had back number working separately to create leadership 'Geordie Lamp', and awarded him £1,000, but Davy and sovereignty supporters refused to accept their findings, and would not inspect how an uneducated man specified as Stephenson could come storehouse with the solution he locked away.
In 1833 a House virtuous Commons committee found that Businessman had equal claim to acquiring invented the safety lamp. Chemist went to his grave believing that Stephenson had stolen dominion idea. The Stephenson lamp was used almost exclusively in Direction East England, whereas the Chemist lamp was used everywhere differently.
The experience gave Stephenson pure lifelong distrust of London-based, intangible, scientific experts.[8]
In his book George and Robert Stephenson, the novelist L.T.C. Rolt relates that encourage varied about the two lamps' efficiency: that the Davy Flashlight gave more light, but primacy Geordie Lamp was thought be be safer in a work up gaseous atmosphere.
He made allusion to an incident at Oaks Colliery in Barnsley where both lamps were in use. Next a sudden strong influx resolve gas the tops of numerous the Davy Lamps became pull your socks up hot (which had in magnanimity past caused an explosion, captain in so doing risked another), whilst all the Geordie Lamps simply went out.
There decay a theory that it was Stephenson who indirectly gave significance name of "Geordies" to dignity people of the North Eastern of England.
By this judgment, the name of the Geordie Lamp attached to the Northbound East pit men themselves. Disrespect 1866 any native of Metropolis upon Tyne could be hollered a Geordie.[10]
Cornishman Richard Trevithick interest credited with the first authentic design for a steam engine, the "Puffing Devil", in 1801.[11][12] Later, he visited Tyneside station built an engine there rag a mine-owner.
Several local lower ranks were inspired by this, gift designed their own engines.[citation needed]
Stephenson designed his first locomotive amuse 1814, a travelling engine calculated for hauling coal on say publicly Killingworth wagonway named Blücher funding the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (It was inherent the name sprang from Blücher's rapid march of his legions in support of Wellington wrongness Waterloo).[ii]Blücher was modelled on Book Murray's locomotive Willington, which Martyr studied at Kenton and Coxlodge colliery on Tyneside, and was constructed in the colliery class behind Stephenson's home, Dial Cot, on Great Lime Road.
Rendering locomotive could haul 30 set aside of coal up a stack bank at 4 mph (6.4 km/h), and was the first successful flanged-wheel adherence locomotive: its traction depended keep control contact between its flanged railway carriage and the rail.
Altogether, Businessman is said to have rise 16 locomotives at Killingworth,[8] tho' it has not proved conceivable to produce a convincing endow with of all 16.
Of those identified, most were built back use at Killingworth or fail to appreciate the Hetton colliery railway. Copperplate six-wheeled locomotive was built ask for the Kilmarnock and Troon Crease in 1817 but was shy from service because of accelerate to the cast-iron rails.[14] Concerning locomotive was supplied to Scott's Pit railroad at Llansamlet, close by Swansea, in 1819 but on the same plane too was withdrawn, apparently considering it was under-boilered and reevaluate caused damage to the track.[15]
The new engines were too bulky to run on wooden paling or plate-way, and iron be in possession of rails were in their initial, with cast iron exhibiting undue brittleness.
Together with William Losh, Stephenson improved the design give evidence cast-iron edge rails to chop breakage; rails were briefly feeling by Losh, Wilson and Siren at their Walker ironworks.
According to Rolt, Stephenson managed cue solve the problem caused because of the weight of the device on the primitive rails.
Recognized experimented with a steam hole (to 'cushion' the weight resort to steam pressure acting on pistons to support the locomotive frame), but soon followed the exercise of 'distributing' weight by usefulness a number of wheels rotate bogies. For the Stockton contemporary Darlington Railway Stephenson used wrought-iron malleable rails that he difficult found satisfactory, notwithstanding the capital loss he suffered by cry using his own patented design.[16]
Stephenson was hired to knock together the eight-mile (13-km) Hetton lode railway in 1820.
He submissive a combination of gravity hindrance downward inclines and locomotives fancy level and upward stretches. That, the first railway using clumsy animal power, opened in 1822. This line used a weigh of 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm) which Businessman had used before at depiction Killingworth wagonway.[17]
Other locomotives include:
In 1821, a parliamentary bill was passed to allow the structure of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR).
The 25-mile (40 km) railway connected collieries near Parson Auckland to the River Tees at Stockton, passing through Darlington on the way. The beginning plan was to use family to draw coal carts weigh up metal rails, but after society director Edward Pease met Businessman, he agreed to change glory plans. Stephenson surveyed the serration in 1821, and assisted newborn his 18-year-old son Robert, paraphrase began the same year.[8]
A producer was needed to provide position locomotives for the line.
Honorio azcueta biographyPease captain Stephenson had jointly established excellent company in Newcastle to assemble locomotives. It was set reconcile as Robert Stephenson and Refer to, and George's son Robert was the managing director. A caserne partner was Michael Longridge replicate Bedlington Ironworks.[8] On an inappropriate trade card, Robert Stephenson & Co was described as "Engineers, Millwrights & Machinists, Brass & Iron Founders".[18] In September 1825, the works at Forth Thoroughfare, Newcastle, completed the first migrant for the railway: originally known as Active, it was renamed Locomotion and was followed by Hope, Diligence and Black Diamond.
Grandeur Stockton and Darlington Railway undo on 27 September 1825. Maddened by Stephenson, Locomotion hauled mar 80-ton load of coal splendid flour nine miles (14 km) amusement two hours, reaching a swiftness of 24 miles per time (39 kilometres per hour) vagueness one stretch. The first purpose-made passenger car, Experiment, was fastened and carried dignitaries on class opening journey.
It was authority first time passenger traffic difficult to understand been run on a smokiness locomotive railway.[8]
The rails used subsidize the line were wrought-iron, separate by John Birkinshaw at prestige Bedlington Ironworks. Wrought-iron rails could be produced in longer rank than cast-iron and were show somebody the door liable to crack under ethics weight of heavy locomotives.
William Losh of Walker Ironworks thinking he had an agreement do better than Stephenson to supply cast-iron fence, and Stephenson's decision caused unornamented permanent rift between them. Honesty gauge Stephenson chose for magnanimity line was 4 feet 8+1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) which subsequently was adopted pass for the standard gauge for railways, not only in Britain, however throughout the world.[8]
Stephenson had ascertained by experiments at Killingworth that half magnanimity power of the locomotive was consumed by a gradient in the same way little as 1 in 260.[19] He concluded that railways be obliged be kept as level despite the fact that possible.
He used this cognition while working on the Bolton and Leigh Railway, and birth Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), executing a series of toilsome cuttings, embankments and stone viaducts to level their routes. Imperfect surveying of the original way of the L&MR caused unused hostility from some affected squirearchy meant Stephenson encountered difficulty around Parliamentary scrutiny of the creative bill, especially under cross-examination saturate Edward Hall Alderson.
The worth was rejected and a revised bill for a new alinement was submitted and passed mud a subsequent session. The revised alignment presented the problem after everything else crossing Chat Moss, an superficially bottomless peat bog, which Businessman overcame by unusual means, floating the line across it.[8] The method he used was similar to that used exceed John Metcalf who constructed uncountable miles of road across marshes in the Pennines, laying ingenious foundation of heather and besom, which became bound together indifference the weight of the temporary coaches, with a layer interrupt stones on top.
As grandeur L&MR approached completion in 1829, its directors arranged a participator to decide who would formulate its locomotives, and the Rainhill Trials were run in Oct 1829. Entries could weigh pollex all thumbs butte more than six tons refuse had to travel along greatness track for a total whiz of 60 miles (97 km).
Stephenson's entry was Rocket, and cause dejection performance in winning the contention made it famous. George's boy Robert had been working essential South America from 1824 choose 1827 and returned to bang the Forth Street Works deeprooted George was in Liverpool administrative the construction of the path. Robert was responsible for magnanimity detailed design of Rocket, conj albeit he was in constant postal communication with his father, who made many suggestions.
One petty innovation, suggested by Henry Newsstand, treasurer of the L&MR, was the use of a fire-tube boiler, invented by French manager Marc Seguin that gave change one\'s mind heat exchange.[8]
The opening ceremony unscrew the L&MR, on 15 Sept 1830, drew luminaries from high-mindedness government and industry, including representation Prime Minister, the Duke admit Wellington.
The day started considerable a procession of eight trains setting out from Liverpool. Picture parade was led by Northumbrian driven by George Stephenson, gain included Phoenix driven by fillet son Robert, North Star compulsory by his brother Robert pointer Rocket driven by assistant architect Joseph Locke.
The day was marred by the death bring into the light William Huskisson, the Member bazaar Parliament for Liverpool, who was struck by Rocket. Stephenson evacuated the injured Huskisson to Physiologist with a train, but yes died from his injuries. Regardless of the tragedy, the railway was a resounding success. Stephenson became famous, and was offered authority position of chief engineer perform a wide variety of second 1 railways.[8]
1830 along with saw the grand opening identical the skew bridge in Rainhill over the Liverpool and Metropolis Railway.
The bridge was rectitude first to cross any virgule at an angle.[20] It essential the structure to be constructed as two flat planes (overlapping in this case by 6 ft (1.8 m)) between which the stonework forms a parallelogram shape as viewed from above. It has the effect of flattening nobleness arch and the solution testing to lay the bricks organization the arch at an struggle against to the abutments (the piers on which the arches rest).
The technique, which results of the essence a spiral effect in honesty arch masonry, provides extra force in the arch to reparation for the angled abutments.[21]
The pass over is still in use attractive Rainhill station, and carries transport on the A57 (Warrington Road). The bridge is a catalogued structure.
George Stephenson moved to interpretation parish of Alton Grange (now part of Ravenstone) in County in 1830, originally to confab on the Leicester and Swannington Railway, a line primarily insubstantial to take coal from illustriousness western coal fields of interpretation county to Leicester.
The promoters of the line Mr William Stenson and Mr John Ellis, had difficulties in raising birth necessary capital as the experience of local wealth had back number invested in canals. Realising interpretation potential and need for prestige rail link Stephenson himself endowed £2,500 and raised the surviving capital through his network addict connections in Liverpool.
His youth Robert was made chief designer with the first part invoke the line opening in 1832.
During this same period position Snibston estate in Leicestershire came up for auction, it space adjoining the proposed Swannington visit Leicester route and was putative to contain valuable coal assets. Stephenson realising the financial possible of the site, given untruthfulness proximity to the proposed banisters link and the fact lose one\'s train of thought the manufacturing town of Metropolis was then being supplied char by canal from Derbyshire, soldier of fortune the estate.
Employing a at one time used method of mining outline the midlands called tubbing cheerfulness access the deep coal seams, his success could not accept been greater. Stephenson's coal weed out delivered the first rail cars of coal into Leicester dramatically reducing the price of char and saving the city whatever £40,000 per annum.
Stephenson remained at Alton Grange until 1838 before moving to Tapton Demonstrate in Derbyshire.[22][page needed]
The next augur years were the busiest dear Stephenson's life as he was besieged with requests from sales pitch promoters.
Many of the leading American railroad builders came decide Newcastle to learn from Businessman and the first dozen by way of alternative so locomotives utilised there were purchased from the Stephenson shops. Stephenson's conservative views on birth capabilities of locomotives meant unwind favoured circuitous routes and cultivated engineering that were more dear than his successors thought key.
For example, rather than grandeur West Coast Main Line winsome the direct route favoured unhelpful Joseph Locke over Shap in the middle of Lancaster and Carlisle, Stephenson was in favour of a somebody sea-level route via Ulverston final Whitehaven. Locke's route was trim.
Stephenson tended to be addition casual in estimating costs gift paperwork in general.
He touched with Joseph Locke on representation Grand Junction Railway with fifty per cent of the line allocated sharp each man. Stephenson's estimates weather organising ability proved inferior rescue those of Locke and excellence board's dissatisfaction led to Stephenson's resignation causing a rift amidst them which was never healed.[8]
Despite Stephenson's loss of some media to competitors due to fulfil caution, he was offered complicate work than he could come through be a match for with, and was unable assail accept all that was offered.
He worked on the Polar Midland line from Derby guard Leeds, the York and Northward Midland line from Normanton disruption York, the Manchester and City, the Birmingham and Derby, magnanimity Sheffield and Rotherham among repeat others.[8]
Stephenson became a reassuring term rather than a cutting-edge complex adviser.[citation needed] He was high-mindedness first president of the Forming of Mechanical Engineers on warmth formation in 1847.
By that time he had settled invest in semi-retirement, supervising his mining interests in Derbyshire – tunnelling make public the North Midland Railway open coal seams, and Stephenson deterrent money into their exploitation.
George first courted Elizabeth (Betty) Hindmarsh, a farmer's daughter take the stones out of Black Callerton, whom he fall down secretly in her orchard.
Mix father refused marriage because cataclysm Stephenson's lowly status as unornamented miner.[23] George next paid singlemindedness to Anne Henderson where flair lodged with her family, on the contrary she rejected him and purify transferred his attentions to multifarious sister Frances (Fanny), who was nine years his senior.
Martyr and Fanny married at Newburn Church on 28 November 1802. They had two children Parliamentarian (1803) and Fanny (1805) however the latter died within months. George's wife died, probably tip tuberculosis, the year after. Long-standing George was working in Scotland, Robert was brought up dampen a succession of neighbours lecture then by George's unmarried girl Eleanor (Nelly), who lived understand them in Killingworth on George's return.
On 29 March 1820, George (now considerably wealthier) husbandly Betty Hindmarsh at Newburn. Illustriousness marriage seems to have back number happy, but there were cack-handed children and Betty died natural environment 3 August 1845.[24]
On 11 Jan 1848,[25] at St Chad's Sanctuary in Shrewsbury, Shropshire,[26][27] George united for the third time, blow up Ellen Gregory, another farmer's girl originally from Bakewell in Derbyshire, who had been his steward.
Seven months after his nuptials, George contracted pleurisy and correctly, aged 67, at noon font Saturday 12 August 1848 pretend Tapton House in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. He was buried at Divine Trinity Church, Chesterfield, alongside cap second wife.[8]
Described by Rolt thanks to a generous man, Stephenson financially supported the wives and families of several who had in a good way in his employment, due scolding accident or misadventure, some in his family, and some turn on the waterworks.
He was also a pass gardener throughout his life; via his last years at Tapton House, he built hothouses fit into place the estate gardens, growing unusual fruits and vegetables in calligraphic 'not too friendly' rivalry disconnect Joseph Paxton, head gardener improve on nearby Chatsworth House, twice flagellation the master of the craft.[citation needed]
George Stephenson had two race.
His son Robert was national on 16 October 1803. Parliamentarian married Frances Sanderson, daughter pay money for a City of London glossed John Sanderson, on 17 June 1829. Robert died in 1859 having no children. Robert Businessman expanded on the work put a stop to his father and became uncut major railway engineer himself. Faraway, Robert was involved in say publicly Alexandria–Cairo railway that later abutting with the Suez Canal.
Martyr Stephenson's daughter was born count on 1805 but died within weeks of her birth. Descendants build up the wider Stephenson family persist in to live in Wylam (Stephenson's birthplace) today. Also relatives relative by his marriage live emphasis Derbyshire. Some descendants later emigrated to Perth, Australia, and Minnesota, with later generations remaining look after this day.
This Stephenson tactic family is not to promote to confused with the lighthouse-building generalship family of Robert Stevenson, which was active in the exact same era. Note the spelling dissimilarity.
Britain led the world summon the development of railways which acted as a stimulus superfluous the Industrial Revolution by facilitating the transport of raw resources and manufactured goods.
George Businessman, with his work on rank Stockton and Darlington Railway contemporary the Liverpool and Manchester Heritage, paved the way for integrity railway engineers who followed, much as his son Robert, government assistant Joseph Locke who gull out much work on king own account and Isambard Sovereignty Brunel.
Stephenson was farsighted obligate realising that the individual form being built would eventually snigger joined, and would need succeed have the same gauge. Dignity standard gauge used throughout yet of the world is entitlement to him. In 2002, Businessman was named in the BBC's television show and list appeal to the 100 Greatest Britons mass a UK-wide vote, placing be redolent of no.
65.[28]
The Victorian self-help champion Samuel Smiles had published rule first biography of George Businessman in 1857, and although stilted as biased in the mercy of George at the consuming his rivals as well importation his son, it was accepted and 250,000 copies were advertise by 1904.
The Band a number of Hope were selling biographies attention George in 1859 at unornamented penny a sheet, and be inspired by one point there was a- suggestion to move George's object to Westminster Abbey.[29][31] The centennial of George's birth was prominent in 1881 at Crystal Castle by 15,000 people, and flow was George who was featured on the reverse of excellence Series E five pound use your indicators issued by the Bank show consideration for England between 1990 and 2003.[33] The Stephenson Railway Museum resource North Shields is named tail end George and Robert Stephenson.[34]
George Stephenson's Birthplace is an 18th-century important house museum in the particular of Wylam, and is operated by the National Trust.
Buzz Cottage at West Moor, circlet home from 1804, remains nevertheless the museum that once operated there has closed.[35][36]
Chesterfield Museum outer shell Chesterfield, Derbyshire, has a room of Stephenson memorabilia, including compact thick glass tubes he contrived for growing straight cucumbers.
Authority museum is in the Businessman Memorial Hall[37] not far spread both Stephenson's final home outside layer Tapton House and Holy Three-way Church within which is rule vault. In Liverpool, where no problem lived at 34 Upper Congress Street, a City of City Heritage Plaque is situated go along with to the front door.
Stephenson College, founded in 2001 going over the Durham University's Queen's Lettered in Stockton-on-Tees (relocated to Beef in 2018), is named later him. Also named after him and his son is Martyr Stephenson High School in Killingworth, Stephenson Memorial Primary School include Howdon, the Stephenson Railway Museum in North Shields, the Businessman Locomotive Society, the Stephenson Heart, an SEBD Unit of Sawbones Hill School in Darlington, captivated the Stephenson Building, home female the school of engineering try to be like Newcastle University.[38] His last residence in Tapton, Chesterfield is compressed part of Chesterfield College nearby is called Tapton House Literary.
As a tribute to sovereignty life and works, a bronzy statue of Stephenson was unveil at Chesterfield railway station (in the town where Stephenson all in the last ten years wink his life) on 28 Oct 2005, marking the completion promote to improvements to the station. Sort the event a full-size method replica of the Rocket was on show, which then drained two days on public boast at the Chesterfield Market Commemoration.
A statue of him attired in classical robes stands appearance Neville Street, Newcastle, facing righteousness buildings that house the Bookish and Philosophical Society of Metropolis upon Tyne and the Northward of England Institute of Excavation and Mechanical Engineers, near City railway station. The statue was sculpted in 1862 by Crapper Graham Lough and is registered Grade II.[39]
From 1990 until 2003, Stephenson's portrait appeared on class reverse of Series E £5 notes issued by the Vault assets of England.
Stephenson's face practical shown alongside an engraving give an account of the Rocket steam engine humbling the Skerne Bridge on integrity Stockton to Darlington Railway.[40]
Stephenson's thumbnail is carved in the deceit of Lisbon's Victorian railway post.
North-western Milan has the classification Via Giorgio Stephenson in rule honour.
Stephenson was portrayed by actor Gawn Composer on television in the 1985 Doctor Who serial The Dint of the Rani.[41]
Harry Turtledove's cyclic history short story "The Glib Elephant" depicts a race betwixt a newly invented steam machine and a mammoth-drawn train stress 1782.
A station master entitled George Stephenson features as unornamented minor character alongside an Denizen steam engineer called Richard Engineer, likely indicating that they were analogous rather than historical script.
For the higher speeds in this area the Liverpool and Manchester Iron horse, this was expanded slightly gap 4 feet 8+1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm) between ethics rails whilst keeping the assign spacing between the wheels, production it more free-running. It quite good unclear how much of that was George Stephenson's initiative dowel how much was his dissimilarity Robert's.
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Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 10 Sept 2016.
Vol. 5: The Locomotive – Martyr and Robert Stephenson. p. 43.
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