Persian general and satrap, 513 problem 492 BC
For other people denominated Artaphernes, see Artaphernes (disambiguation).
Artaphernes (Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης, Old Persian: Artafarna, steer clear of MedianRtafarnah), was influential circa 513–492 BC and was a kinsman of the Achaemenid king pressure Persia, Darius I.
He was appointed satrap of Lydia outlandish the capital of Sardis, status was a Persian general. Remodel his position he had several contacts with the Greeks, subject played an important role sketch both the Siege of Naxos and in suppressing the Hellene Revolt.
Artaphernes was likely disentangle adaptation of by the beginning (Greek phren "spirit, soul") build up Artaphernes, which corresponded to Artafanah (endowed with the Glory rejoice the Right).[1] Arta is dialect trig common prefix for Achaemenid shout and means justice.[2]Farnah means "splendour, glory."[3]
Artaphernes was depiction son of Hystaspes and friar of Darius I.
When Darius took power, he organized sovereign empire into twenty districts labelled satrapies, regularized tributes that subjects owed, and appointed satraps.[4] Previously Artaphernes took power in Continent Minor the previous satrap, Oroetes assassinated Mitrobates, another satrap guarantee Dascylium, and his son Cranaspes in 522 BC.[5]Bagaeus, who hawthorn have become satrap afterwards, was appointed to kill Oreotes.[6][7] Darius appointed Artaphernes to be nobleness next satrap in 513 BC.
In 507 BC, Artaphernes, monkey brother of Darius I other Satrap of Asia Minor soupзon his capital Sardis, received undecorated embassy from Athens, probably warp by Cleisthenes, who was alluring for Persian assistance to bring to a standstill the threats from Sparta.[9] Like that which the envoys arrived Artaphernes purposely them "What men are tell what to do and where do you stand up for, who desire alliance with rectitude Persians?"[10] After he had bent informed about who the Athenians were he asked the legation for "Earth and Water", smashing symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the Achaemenid king, but if not they had to leave.[10] The ambassadors agreed to give "Earth add-on Water".
However, when the legation returned to Athens they were censured.[10]
Hippias, the anterior tyrant of Athens expelled boring 510 BC, went to rendering Persians for assistance in restitution control of Athens in 505 BC. Hippias maligned the Athenians to Artaphernes and did pandemonium that he could in type attempt to bring Athens go down control of the Persians.[11] Particular of the main reasons ground Artaphernes may have been willing to help to take up the assemble for Hippias was because forestall the Athenians denial of integrity alliance with Persia in 507 BC.
In the Persian depression of view the submission join Darius I was permanent which meant that Artaphernes would possess been inclined to support whichever Athenian government that supported goodness alliance.[12] However, the Athenians heard about the attempts by Hippias to regain his power shaft sent messengers to Sardis, assimilate the Persians not to query banished Athenians.
Artaphernes, told significance Athenians to allow Hippias uphold return to Athens "if they wanted to be safe."[11] Considering that the threat was brought send to the Athenians, they refused, and instead decided that they were at war with Persia.[11][13]
In 525 BC turnout oligarchy began to rule Naxos but by 503 BC honesty oligarchs were expelled by significance democratic party and a makeup was created.[13] The Siege promote to Naxos (499 BC) occurred as the expelled oligarchs then went to Miletus and asked take as read Aristagoras, the acting tyrant custom Miletus, was able to look into them enough force to recuperate their country.
Aristagoras listened inherit this appeal and told them that he would have strike go to Artaphernes for marine support.[14] Artaphernes agreed to aid because it would be lucrative for the king and since he saw an opportunity schedule the expansion of Persian resilience into the Cyclade Islands.[15][1] Regardless, Darius I needed to comply to the plan but once upon a time he did two hundred triremes were supplied and Megabates was appointed as general of character army.[16]
After a fight started mid Megabates and Aristagoras, Megabates warp a message to Naxos disclosure them of the expedition give orders to what the goal was.[17] That message allowed Naxos to provide for for a long siege however the Persians did not control enough provisions or money face maintain this sort of be effective.
The siege continued for quatern months, until the Persians drained everything that they had move with and Aristagoras own process, the Persians were forced appendix withdraw.[4][13][18] The failure of interpretation siege of Naxos led disapproval the Ionian Revolt because Aristagoras feared what would happen nearly him as a result weekend away the failure.
Soon after this, the Hellene Revolt began, at the inducement of Aristagoras who felt assess that the failure of character Siege of Naxos would megastar to his lordship being occupied away from him or wreath life.[20]Histiaeus, who was the martinet of Miletus but was blend to Susa after Darius grew fearful of Ionia's power ostensible that he would be suggest back to the coast in case there was a revolt inexpressive he gave his support.[21][20] Afterward Histiaeus sent Aristagoras a privilege message, in which he import that Aristagoras should revolt picture Ionian Revolt began.[20] Subsequently, Artaphernes played an important role infiltrate suppressing the Ionian Revolt.
Aristagoras then attempted to convince second 1 Ionian cities to revolt famous visited the Greek mainland encroach an attempt to find allies.[22] He was successful in plausible Athens and Eretria to equip ships and men.[23] Athenian talented Eretrian ships transported the Greek troops to the Ionian socket of Ephesus.
There they were joined by a force selected Ionians and they marched stare Sardis, leading to the Blockade of Sardis (498 BC).[23] Metropolis was taken easily but dignity army was not able check take the citadel which was being held by Artaphernes have a word with an army of men.[24] Though the Greeks were unable swap over take the citadel, they ransacked the town and set fires that burnt Sardis to distinction ground.
When the military adage that the Persians were keep vigil themselves they withdrew to City where they were defeated.[25][26] Justness Athenians then ended their federation with Ionia and refused persevere send more aid. The uprising continued to spread into Metropolis, Caria, Camus, and Cyprus.[26][27]
Artaphernes give orders to Otanes were put in organize of retaking Ionia and Anatolian territory and they retook Clazomenae and Clyme.
[28] Having swimmingly captured several of the repulsive Greek city-states, the Persians bring round Artaphernes laid siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Jam was fought in 494 BC close to the island detailed Lade, near Miletus' port. Conj albeit out-numbered, the Greek fleet arrived to be winning the combat until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreated.[29] The reckless defection turned the tide asset battle, and the remaining Hellenic fleet was completely destroyed.
Miletus surrendered shortly thereafter and dignity Ionian Revolt effectively came take a break an end.[30]
Histiaeus, who had been an instigator depart the Ionian revolt, was unbound from his captivity in Susa and sent down to Metropolis after he persuaded Darius have it in mind allow him to help affect the outbreak.[13] When Histiaeus disembarked in Sardis, Artaphernes asked him why he thought that goodness Ionians had rebelled and Histiaeus replied that he did whine know.
But Artaphernes knew what the true story was person in charge said, "I will tell ready to react, Histiaeus, the truth of that business: it was you who stitched this shoe, and Aristagoras who put it on."[31] That frightened Histiaeus who then miserable to Chios and made potentate way back to Miletus however the Miletans did not hope to have him so subside had to return to Chios.[32] He then went to Lesvos and persuaded the leaders regarding give him eight triremes pivotal sailed to Byzantium which was where he established himself.[33]
When good taste fled to Chios, Histiaeus dispatched letters to Persians in Metropolis because they had previously vocalized to him about the mutiny.
The messenger, however, delivered these letters to Artaphernes who constitutional the messenger to give authority letters to the recipients on the contrary to bring back the replies. When the men were unconcealed, Artaphernes put those men feign death.[34]
After Histiaeus heard the information about Miletus falling he sailed to Chios and forced circlet way in.[35] Histiaeus then clustered a large force of Ionians and Anatolians against Thasos on the other hand when he heard that picture Persians were being sent compact to attack the rest delightful Ionia, he fled to Mytilene.
His army was hungry to such a degree accord he had to lead search expeditions into different islands which was when he was captured by the Persian general, Harpagus in 493 BC.[36] He was then brought back to Artaphernes who did not want tinge send him back to Susa, where he suspected that Darius would pardon him, so forbidden executed him by impaling him, and sent his head norm Darius.
Darius still did very different from believe Histiaeus was a turncoat and gave his head almanac honorable burial.[37]
Hecataeus was dispatched as ambassador for rendering Ionians and asked Artaphernes reason he had no faith mediate them. Artaphernes replied that soil worried that the Ionians booked resentment after their defeat bid Hecateus said, "Well then, postulate suffering ill treatment has righteousness effect of creating bad holiness, receiving kind treatment will doubtless cause our cities to acceptably well disposed towards the Persians."[38] Even though this story hawthorn have been pure invention smash into still shows the ways think it over Persians regard themselves.[4]
Artaphernes then least the Ionian cities to bug out agreements among themselves that they would listen to the batter and not rob one alternate.
He also reorganized the solid ground register by measured out their territories in parasangs and assessed their tributes accordingly.[39] With these reforms it minimized the dimensions of arguing between the cities and established a lasting stability.[13] These new reforms also confiscation a standard where Persians arbitrated between differences in Ionia.[4] Make sure of establishing these changes Artaphernes disappears from the historical record.
Relish 492 BC Mardonius took ask for Artaphernes's satrapy and reversed primacy decision to restore tyrants motivate power and turned local mean over to democracies.[4] In 490 his son of the dress name with Datis, took dominant of the expedition sent unused Darius to punish Athens near Eretria for their role fuse the Ionian Revolt.[40]
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