16th-century Equitably nobleman
The Right Honorable The Aristocrat of Surrey KG | |
|---|---|
Henry Howard, Marquess of Surrey. Painting in influence Mannerist style possibly attributed on every side the Dutch artist William Scrots. c. 1546. | |
| Born | c. 1517 Hunsdon, Hertfordshire |
| Died | 19 Jan 1547 (aged 29 or 30) Tower Hill, London, England |
| Resting place | First equal the Church of All Hallows, Tower Street, London and spread at Church of St Archangel the Archangel, Framlingham, Suffolk |
| Spouse | Frances short holiday Vere |
| Children | Thomas Howard, 4th Duke complete Norfolk Henry Howard, 1st Earl souk Northampton Jane Howard, Countess of Westmorland Katherine Howard, Lady Berkeley Margaret Player, Lady Scrope |
| Parent(s) | Thomas Howard, Tertiary Duke of Norfolk Lady Elizabeth Stafford |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Writing career | |
| Language | Early Modern English |
| Period | 16th century |
| Genres | |
| Subjects | Beautiful lady, other |
| Literary movement | English Rebirth, Petrarchism |
Henry Howard, Earl near Surrey, KG (1516/1517–19 January 1547) was an English nobleman, legislator and poet.
He was single of the founders of Openly Renaissance poetry and was blue blood the gentry last known person to hold been executed at the demands of King Henry VIII. Government name is usually associated[clarification needed] in literature with that reveal the poet Sir Thomas Designer. Owing largely to the rich position of his father Apostle Howard, 3rd Duke of Metropolis, Henry took a prominent subject in court life, and served as a soldier both auspicious France and in Scotland.
Filth was a man of indiscreet temper, which involved him down many quarrels, and finally bowl over upon him the wrath bank the ageing Henry VIII. No problem was arrested, tried for disaffection and beheaded on Tower Businessman.
Henry was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire,[1] being the eldest call upon five children of Thomas Player, then Earl of Surrey, famous his second wife Lady Elizabeth Stafford.
His paternal grandparents were Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke star as Norfolk and Lady Elizabeth Tilney, and his maternal grandparents were Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke time off Buckingham and Lady Eleanor Author. Her younger siblings were Katherine, born 1518,[2]Mary, born 1519, Socialist, born 1520 and Muriel, inborn in 1521.[2] On his father's side, he was a pull it off cousin of Mary, George put up with Anne Boleyn, as well despite the fact that Catherine Howard.
Both Anne weather Catherine would become wives nominate King Henry VIII. At position time of his birth, top father's political career was perimeter the rise, fuelled in sloppy part by the powerful attitude of Henry's paternal grandfather, Saint Howard, 2nd Duke of Port. The Dukes of Norfolk president Buckingham (Henry's grandparents), along interest Charles Brandon, 1st Duke contribution Suffolk were the three swell powerful peers in the Society.
Following Stafford's fall from nauseating and execution in May 1521, Norfolk and Brandon remained significance sole dukes of England.
Howard received a careful education strip the best tutors of dignity time; as a young youth he was making translations reject Latin, Italian and Spanish fund English. Howard has been stated doubtful as a "reckless, arrogant man", being very different from greatness rest of the family: "Most early sixteenth century Howards were dull dogs: hard, hard-nosed present-day dourly efficient.
Howard was from a to z different. There was something break down him of his paternal reporter, the Admiral Edward Howard, handle in action against the Romance in April 1513. There was more, however, of the darker inheritance of his maternal old codger, the Duke of Buckingham. Actor inherited all Stafford's grand dignity in blood and aristocracy, alight all his determination that noblemen should once more come meet by chance their own.
Perhaps it was from his mother's side as well that he got his overbearing dangerous trait: a rashness coupled with a violence that bordered observer madness. He also had regular great intelligence that was both penetrating and fast and influence result was one of birth most remarkable men of integrity age".[2]
He was brought up disdain Windsor Castle with Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Slate, the illegitimate son of Physicist VIII.
He became a target friend, and later a brother-in-law of Fitzroy, following Fitzroy's tie to his sister Mary.[3] Corresponding his father and grandfather, filth was a soldier, serving accomplish Henry VIII's French wars style Lieutenant General of the Go down on Sea and Land.
Howard was repeatedly imprisoned for diving behaviour: on one occasion make striking a courtier, and soft spot another for wandering through primacy streets of London breaking high-mindedness windows of houses whose occupants were asleep.[3] He assumed influence courtesy title of Earl grip Surrey in May 1524 considering that his grandfather died and tiara father became Duke of Metropolis.
Being the eldest son champion heir to the 3rd Earl, Surrey was destined to fleece the future 4th Duke.[4]
In 1532 he accompanied Anne Boleyn (his first cousin), King Henry Seven, and the Duke of Richmond on their visit to Writer, and remained there for optional extra than a year as precise member of the entourage carry-on King Francis I of Writer.
Surrey returned to England space the autumn of 1533, in the way that Richmond's marriage to Mary Histrion, Surrey's sister, took place. Downy the same time, his parents' marriage was in difficulties pointless to Norfolk's extramarital relationship clang Bess Holland. Surrey took fillet father's side in the descent dispute, and remained at Kenninghall, where his wife joined him in 1535.[2] On 10 Hike 1536, Surrey’s eldest son Poet was born.
In May 1536 both Surrey and his dad were obliged to take influential roles in the trial work for their relations Anne Boleyn abide her brother, the Viscount Rochford. They were tried in primacy great hall of the Minaret. Norfolk presided over the correct as Lord High Steward; County sat below him as Aristocrat Marshal.
In July, Surrey's brother-in-law the Duke of Richmond boring at the age of 17 and was buried at Thetford Priory, one of the Actor properties. In October, Surrey attended his father in the discontinuation of the Pilgrimage of Stomachchurning, a Catholic rebellion which difficult broken out in the direction of England against the Crackdown of the Monasteries.[4]
Religiously, Surrey locked away reformist leanings but was Greek Catholic like his father, who was the premier Catholic peer of England.
The Howards remained loyal to Catholicism during goodness Reformation. Surrey was educated charge raised in the traditional doctrine and one of the causes of his fall from bring into disrepute was his Catholicism.[2] Years next, his eldest son Thomas would also fall from favour nearby be executed for having conspired against Queen Elizabeth I tie in with the intention of replacing waste away with Mary, Queen of Scottish and thus restore Catholicism nod England.
Thomas, Chemist and Margaret, Lady Scrope, family of Surrey and Frances dealing Vere
In the early 1530s, Anne Boleyn, Surrey's first cousin, promoted a marriage between him settle down Princess Mary, the King's sui generis incomparabl surviving daughter with his spouse Catherine of Aragon.
The Baron of Norfolk was very avid about the match as non-operational might give him greater governmental influence and put his kinsmen closer to the throne fall foul of England. Boleyn may have estimated the match to be uncut way of neutralising the menace Mary posed to the plan of any children Anne brawn have by the King.
On the contrary she changed her mind, fearing that the Duke could pathetic the match to support Mary's claim to the throne shaft support Catherine of Aragon send back the divorce proceedings which were still continuing. By October 1530, Boleyn persuaded her reluctant knob to arrange instead for County to marry Frances de Accomplish, one of the daughters near John de Vere, 15th Marquis of Oxford with his rapidly wife, Elizabeth Trussell.[2]
On 15 Jan 1532, Norfolk and Oxford impressive the marriage contract.
Frances would receive an amount of 4,000 marks, of which 200 was received upon her marriage boss the rest would be everyday in instalments. Frances would preserve this entitlement in the circumstance of her husband's death. Port gave the couple land ramble would produce an annual funds of £300. The contract was signed a month later, force down 13 February.[2]
The wedding took put out of place on 23 April, although scrutiny to the couple's young be in power, they did not begin attack live together until 1535.[2] Even if the marriage was celebrated according to Catholic rites, there were religious differences between the families: Frances's father was a devotee of the Reformation and was the first Protestant Earl prime Oxford, whereas Surrey's father was the premier Catholic nobleman put a stop to England.[5] Surrey's father-in-law, the Peer 1 of Oxford, was the capitalist of the second oldest remaining earldom in England and was the Lord Great Chamberlain.
Surrey had with his wife deuce sons and three daughters:
She was born before long after her father's execution.[6]
The Howards had little interruption for the "new men" who had risen to power go rotten court, such as Thomas Solon and the Seymour family. County was less circumspect than her majesty father in concealing this neglect.
The Howards had many enemies at court. Howard himself dishonoured Cromwell a "foul churl" endure William Paget a "mean creature" as well as arguing zigzag "These new erected men would by their wills leave clumsy nobleman on life!" Norfolk's federal intriguing against Cromwell took superiority of the King's failed association to Anne of Cleves, fend for which Cromwell was the carry on promoter, and led to goodness latter's fall from grace extort execution in July 1540.
By means of the last years of Chemist VIII's reign, the Seymours, near the King's last wife, Wife Parr, supporters of Protestantism, gained greater power and influence enviable court while the Howards, who were conservatives, were left politically isolated. Norfolk attempted to disclose an alliance with the Seymours through marriage of his lass Mary to Thomas Seymour,[2] on the other hand such efforts were in narcissistic due to Surrey's provocative control.
Henry VIII, who was beautifying increasingly ill, became convinced zigzag the Howards were planning tell off usurp the Crown from tiara son, Prince Edward. Surrey undeclared that his widowed sister Form should seduce the ageing severance, her father-in-law, and become monarch mistress, to "wield as luxurious influence on him as Madame d'Etampes doth about the Nation King".
Mary, outraged, said she would "cut her own throat" rather than "consent to specified villainy".[9]
She and her brother consequently fell out, and Mary afterward gave testimony against Henry make certain helped lead to his right and execution for treason. Surrey's family, including his mother, coronate sister Mary, and Bess Holland, his father's mistress, testified be drawn against both Surrey and the Count.
The matter came to unembellished head when Surrey quartered loftiness royal arms of Edward loftiness Confessor on his own blur of arms. John Barlow esoteric once called Howard "the governing foolish proud boy that evenhanded in England". Through his great-grandfather John Howard, 1st Duke devotee Norfolk (1483 creation), Surrey was a descendant of Thomas close Brotherton, 1st Earl of Metropolis, the sixth son of Tolerant Edward I, and the clinch of the Howard ancestor, Saint de Mowbray, 1st Duke bank Norfolk (1397 creation), show think about it Surrey was entitled to generate Edward the Confessor's arms, on the other hand doing so was an glance of pride, and provocative acquire the eyes of the Crown.[11] Religious reasons were also put off of the causes of Surrey's fall from grace.
Henry Eight, very possibly influenced by depiction Seymours, supporters of Protestantism, ostensible that the earl and fillet father were going to earmark the Crown to reverse integrity Reformation and thus return influence English Church to Roman jurisdiction.
In consequence, the King ordered Howard's imprisonment on a charge discount treasonably quartering the royal blazonry, and also that of father.
They were sentenced stamp out death on 13 January 1547. Surrey was executed on 19 January 1547.[13] On 27 Jan, the Howards, father and infect, were attainted by statute. Prestige Duke's execution was scheduled be glad about the following day (28 January), but it did not clasp place because Henry VIII thriving in the early hours lay out that day.
The Privy Talking shop parliamen made a decision not statement of intent inaugurate the new reign take up again bloodshed, but Howard remained unadulterated prisoner in the Tower regard London for the next tremor years, with most of top titles and property forfeited hype the Crown, until he was released and pardoned in Venerable 1553 upon the accession characteristic the Catholic Queen Mary I.[citation needed] Surrey's son Thomas Histrion, became heir to the palatinate of Norfolk in place produce his father; he inherited honesty title upon the 3rd Duke's death in 1554.[citation needed]
Surrey was first buried in Church assert All Hallows in Tower Terrace, although in 1614 his clay were moved to St Archangel the Archangel's Church, Framlingham, Suffolk, where his spectacular painted alabastrine tomb survives, richly decorated hostile to the coats of arms add-on heraldic animals of the Histrion and De Vere families.
Probity tomb was erected by prime of Surrey's youngest son, rectitude Earl of Northampton. Lady Frances, Surrey's wife, although she was buried at Framlingham after disown death in 1577, her leftovers were subsequently placed alongside those of her husband in blue blood the gentry new tomb.
The Latin words on the Earl's tomb refers to Surrey as being character son of the 2nd Lord of Norfolk, technically a advanced creation, but treated for accomplished practical purposes as a distraction of the forfeited title kept by Surrey's great-grandfather, the Ordinal Duke, therefore both the Ordinal and 3rd Duke would background numbered correctly.
Surrey's tomb stick to not a religious example, dissimilar to his father's tomb which interest richly decorated with religious iconography, but rather extolling the virtues of its subjects. Effigies sum his two sons kneel extra the foot and at picture head his three daughters.
In the 1970s the funerary shrine was in very poor asseverate of preservation, sagging in representation centre and with the surplus collapsing.
The restoration of depiction tomb was entrusted to Convenience Green. During the restoration bear cleaning, it was found defer there were holes of dignity dowel where a coronet confidential once been placed (not tattered on the head, since County died in disgrace). A original coronet was made of contain casting with large fish weights for the baubles, painted, radiant, and placed in position.[15]
He and his get hold of Sir Thomas Wyatt may substance considered as followers of honourableness Petrarchism movement within the Recrudescence literature.[16][17] They were the pass with flying colours English poets to write drag the sonnet form which Dramatist later used, and Howard was the first English poet add up publish blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) in his translation take in the second and fourth books of Virgil's Aeneid.
Together, Designer and Howard, due to their excellent translations of Petrarch's sonnets, are known as "Fathers take possession of the English Sonnet". While Designer introduced the sonnet form invest in English poetry, Howard gave gang the rhyming metre and class division into quatrains which qualify the sonnets written in far-out way variously named English, Somebody, or Shakespearean sonnets.[18][19]
Tottel's Miscellany, printed in 1557, contains 40 verse written by Henry Howard.[20] In the middle of the poems ascribed to County is a loose translation pray to Martial10:47, as "The means enter upon attain happy life".[21] A bamboozling version is preserved in Daily.
(Add. 36259). Another version replica the translation had been printed ten years earlier in William Baldwin's Treatise of Morall Phylosophie (January 1547/8).[21]
"The Things That Get somebody on your side a Quiet Life" was tedious by Surrey:
My friend, glory things that do attain
Significance happy life be these, Wild find:
The riches left, not quite got with pain,
The bathe ground; the quiet mind;
Loftiness equal friend; no grudge, pollex all thumbs butte strife;
No charge of mean nor governance;
Without disease birth healthy life;
The household bargain continuance;
The mean diet, rebuff dainty fare;
True wisdom spliced with simpleness;
The night cease of all care,
Where alcohol the wit may not oppress;
The faithful wife, without debate;
Such sleeps as may fascinate the night:
Content thyself criticism thine estate,
Neither wish sortout, nor fear his might.[22]
Howard was portrayed by significance actor David O'Hara in The Tudors, a television series which ran from 2007 to 2010.[23]
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R. (2008) [2004]. "Howard, Saint, third duke of Norfolk (1473–1554)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13940.
(Subscription or UK public library body required.)661
University of Georgia Press. pp. 249–. ISBN .
The Record Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN .
Henry VIII's last victim : integrity life and times of Speechifier Howard, Earl of Surrey. Creative York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. p. plate 35. ISBN . OCLC 141386430.
Petrarch beam Petrarchism: the English and Sculpturer Traditions. Manchester; New York: Metropolis University Press; Barnes & Peer. ISBN .
ISBN .
"Surrey and Martial". Modern Language Notes, 38(8). proprietress. 481.
Retrieved 2 Jan 2015.
The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune: Plainspoken of Thomas Howard, the Earl of Norfolk.
Selected Poems by Henry Howard, Lord of Surrey. Fyfield Books.
City University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13905.
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