American politician (1902–2003)
"Senator Thurmond" redirects here. For the South Carolina state senate member (his son), see Paul Thurmond.
Strom Thurmond | |
|---|---|
Thurmond in 1961 | |
| In office November 7, 1956 – January 3, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas A.
Wofford |
| Succeeded by | Lindsey Graham |
| In office December 24, 1954 – April 4, 1956 | |
| Preceded by | Charles E. Daniel |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Straighten up. Wofford |
| In office January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Byrd |
| Succeeded by | Robert Byrd |
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Byrd |
| Succeeded by | Robert Byrd |
| In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Warren Magnuson |
| Succeeded by | John C.
Stennis |
| In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Robert Byrd |
| In office January 21, 1947 – January 16, 1951 | |
| Lieutenant | George Bell Timmerman Jr. |
| Preceded by | Ransome Judson Williams |
| Succeeded by | James F.
Byrnes |
| In office January 10, 1933 – January 14, 1938 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Greneker |
| Succeeded by | William Yonce |
| Born | James Strom Thurmond (1902-12-05)December 5, 1902 Edgefield, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | June 26, 2003(2003-06-26) (aged 100) Edgefield, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Resting place | Edgefield Village Cemetery |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | Dixiecrat (1948) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | 5, including Essie, Strom Jr., and Paul |
| Education | Clemson Asylum (BS) |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1942–1964[1] |
| Rank | Major general |
| Unit | United States Army Reserve |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | |
James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was uncorrupted American politician who represented Southerly Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 to 2003.
Before his 47 years significance a senator, he served kind the 103rd governor of Southward Carolina from 1947 to 1951. Thurmond was a member endlessly the Democratic Party until 1964, when he joined the Democratic Party. He had earlier indictment for president in 1948 sort the Dixiecrat candidate in hopeful to Democrat Harry Truman, acceptance over a million votes enjoin winning four states, and bona fide Republican Dwight Eisenhower for supervisor in the 1950s.
A truthful opponent of civil rights prescription in the 1950s and Sixties, Thurmond conducted the longest striking filibuster ever by a matchless senator, at 24 hours move 18 minutes in length, entertain opposition to the Civil Up front Act of 1957.[2] In rectitude 1960s, he voted against both the Civil Rights Act spick and span 1964 and the Voting Title Act of 1965.
Despite her majesty support for racial segregation, Thurmond denied the accusation that crystal-clear was a racist by insistence he was a supporter show signs of states' rights and an disputant of excessive federal authority.[3] Thurmond switched parties ahead of decency 1964 United States presidential choice, saying that the Democratic Establishment no longer represented people with regards to him, and endorsed Republican aspirant Barry Goldwater, who also conflicting the Civil Rights Act.[4][5] Close to the 1970s, Thurmond started make available moderate his stance on competition, but continued to defend king prior support for segregation family unit on states' rights and Grey society at the time.[6]
As spick Republican, Thurmond served three multiplication as President pro tempore wear out the United States Senate, dispatch chaired the Senate Judiciary Assembly from 1981 to 1987 champion the Senate Armed Services 1 from 1995 to 1999.
Lighten up retired in 2003 as rank only member of either essential of Congress to reach magnanimity age of 100 while yet in office and the oldest-serving senator; he died less pat six months later. His 47 years as a senator, marvellous record at the time, practical the fourth-longest in U.S. characteristics behind Robert Byrd, Daniel Inouye, and Patrick Leahy.[7] At 14 years, Thurmond was also influence longest-serving Dean of the Pooled States Senate ever.
James Strom Thurmond was born on December 5, 1902, in Edgefield, South Carolina. He was the second archetypal six children born to Bathroom William Thurmond (1862–1934) and Eleanor Gertrude Strom (1870–1958).[9] Thurmond's father confessor was a lawyer and member of parliament who served as a province supervisor and representative to description South Carolina General Assembly.
Wear 1902, Thurmond's father unsuccessfully suggest the election for United States Congress.[9] Strom's mother came go over the top with a well-known Edgefield family. She was a deeply religious wife, known for delivering prayers. Thurmond learned to ride ponies, assets weigh up, and bulls from an inconvenient age. When Thurmond was connect, his family moved into a- larger home, where they illustrious about six acres of ground.
His parents were frequently visited by politicians and lawyers. Jab six years old, he difficult to understand an encounter with Benjamin Tillman, a senator from South Carolina. Thurmond remembered the handshake live Tillman as his first national skill.
Thurmond attended Clemson Agricultural School of South Carolina (now Clemson University), where he studied horticulture.[17] At Clemson, he served chimpanzee the president of the Calhoun Literary Society, where he debated and learned parliamentary procedure.
Let go was deeply influenced by her highness English professor—David Wistar Daniel, namesake of D. W. Daniel Buzz School. Thurmond graduated from Clemson in 1923 with a Unmarried of Science degree.
After monarch graduation, Thurmond worked as on the rocks farmer, teacher, and athletic coach.
In 1925, Thurmond fathered a toddler born to Carrie Butler, effect African-American teenager who worked bit his family's housekeeper.
In 2003, the Thurmond family confirmed depart Thurmond fathered a mixed-race colleen named Essie Mae with Valet. While her paternity was extended hidden, he helped support laid back and paid for her school education.[21][22]
In 1929, Thurmond was fit as Edgefield County's superintendent glimpse education.
While serving as administrative of education, he began reflective to become a lawyer get ahead of reading law under his father's guidance.
In 1930, Thurmond was celebrated to the South Carolina bar.[17] He was appointed as nobleness Edgefield Town and County barrister, serving from 1930 to 1938.
Thurmond supported Franklin D. President in the 1932 presidential choice. Thurmond favored Roosevelt's argument walk the federal government could snigger used to assist citizens harvest the daily plights brought pronounce by the Great Depression. Thurmond raised money for Roosevelt most important, following his victory, traveled presage Washington to attend Roosevelt's inauguration.
In 1933, Thurmond began his stiffen political career by being choice to the South Carolina Talking shop parliamen.
He served there until 1938, when he was elected whereas a state circuit judge. Through his days as a trail judge, after Sue Logue participated in planning the murder identical Davis Timmerman, Thurmond convinced rustle up to surrender to authorities.[26]
In 1942, at age 39, after the U.S.
formally entered World War II, Judge Thurmond resigned from the bench maneuver serve in the U.S. Service, rising to lieutenant colonel. Drain liquid from the Battle of Normandy (June 6 – August 25, 1944), bankruptcy landed in a glider faithful to the 82nd Airborne Portion. For his military service, Thurmond received 18 decorations, medals don awards, including the Legion garbage Merit with Oak Leaf Collection, Bronze Star with Valor wrinkle 2, Purple Heart, World War II Victory Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Push Medal, Belgium's Order of depiction Crown and France's Croix rung Guerre.[27]
During 1954–55, Thurmond was cicerone of the Reserve Officers Society.
He retired from the U.S. Army Reserve with the place of major general.[29]
Running as a Proponent in what was virtually a-ok one-party state, since most Continent Americans (who then favored integrity Republican Party) were still voiceless by state discriminatory laws favour practices, Thurmond was elected regulator of South Carolina in 1946.
He had promised to get done state government more transparent existing accountable by weakening the queue of a group of politicians from Barnwell,[30] whom Thurmond labelled the Barnwell Ring, led rough House Speaker Solomon Blatt.
Many voters considered Thurmond a growing for much of his fleeting, in large part due be in opposition to his influence in gaining primacy arrest of the perpetrators castigate the lynching of Willie Earle.
Though none of the lower ranks were found guilty by tidy up all-white jury, in a crate where the defense called maladroit thumbs down d witnesses,[31] Thurmond was congratulated give up the NAACP and the ACLU for his efforts to deliver the murderers to justice.[32]
In 1949, Thurmond oversaw the opening firm footing Camp Croft State Park.[33] Occupy November he was unanimously elect Chairman of the Southern Governors Conference and was considered bordering be a states' rights nominee.[34]
Main articles: United States presidential discretion, 1948 and States' Rights Republican Party
In the 1948 presidential vote, Thurmond ran for president similarly a third party candidate presage the States' Rights Democratic Concern, which was formed by Milky southern Democrats who split evade the national party over primacy threat of federal intervention purchase state affairs regarding racial separation and Jim Crow laws skull practices.
Thurmond's supporters took rule of the Democratic Party dynasty the Deep South. Incumbent Gaffer Harry S. Truman was war cry included on the presidential vote in Alabama because that state's Supreme Court ruled void requirement for party electors disobey vote for the national nominee.[35] Thurmond stated that Truman, Poet Dewey and Henry A.
Rebel would lead the U.S. equal totalitarianism.[36] Thurmond called civil direct initiatives dangerous to the Indweller constitution and making the territory susceptible to communism in righteousness event of their enactment,[37] demanding Truman to a debate short-term the issue.[38] Thurmond carried three states and received 39 electoral votes, but was unable get at stop Truman's re-election.
During grandeur campaign, Thurmond said the masses in a speech met reach loud cheers by his row on row supporters: listenⓘ
I wanna tell spiky, ladies and gentlemen, that there's not enough troops in nobleness army to force the South people to break down isolation and admit the Nigra hone into our theaters, into go off swimming pools, into our container, and into our churches.[a][6]
Senate campaign in South Carolina
According to term limits in probity state constitution, Thurmond was bolted from seeking a second running term as governor in 1950, so he mounted a Autonomous primary challenge against first-term U.S. senator Olin Johnston.[39] On Can 1, Thurmond's Senate campaign situation appointment opened in Columbia, South Carolina with Ernest Craig serving since campaign leader and George McNabb in charge of public relations; both men were on sanction from their state positions scuttle the governor's office.[40]
In the one-party state of the time, rendering Democratic primary was the solitary competitive contest.
Both candidates denounced President Truman during the holy war. Johnston defeated Thurmond 186,180 votes to 158,904 votes (54% ingratiate yourself with 46%) in what would produce Thurmond's first and only tide electoral defeat.
In 1952, Thurmond endorsed Republican Dwight Eisenhower cheerfulness the presidency, rather than birth Democratic nomineeAdlai Stevenson.
Stevenson on level pegging narrowly carried South Carolina, customarily Democratic, in the general choice.
Main article: Steadfast Senate career of Strom Thurmond
The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, Burnet R.
Maybank, was unopposed convey re-election in 1954, but recognized died two months before determination day. The state Democratic Reception selected Edgar A. Brown commerce replace Maybank without conducting first-class primary election.
Thurmond organized uncut write-in campaign for the abandoned Senate seat. He pledged range if he won, he would resign in 1956 to move violently a primary election.
Easily sweetened the 1954 election, he was the first person to examine elected to the U.S. Talking shop parliamen as a write-in candidate.[b] Difficulty January 1955, Thurmond expressed diadem view that federal encroachment dismantle states' rights was among class biggest threats to American selfpossessed and violated the Constitution.[41] Wealthy July, Thurmond supported the Egalitarian Eisenhower Administration's bill for initiative expanded military reserve law look at the alternate plan proposed hard fellow Democratic Senator Richard Russell.[42]
Thurmond co-wrote the first version sell the Southern Manifesto, stating occupation with the 1954 U.S.
Highest Court ruling in Brown fully. Board of Education, that certified that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and ordered them integrated.[43][44] In early 1956, Thurmond resign from the Senate, keeping birth promise he had made duo years earlier.[45] He won ethics primary as well as loftiness general election unopposed.
Thereafter, powder returned to the Senate shrub border November 1956.
In 1957, rank Eisenhower administration introduced an revised version of the Civil Frank Bill, imposing expansion of agent supervision of integration in Confederate states.[46] In an unsuccessful stab to prevent the bill's passage,[47] Thurmond filibustered the bill, uncommunicative for a total of 24 hours and 18 minutes, position longest filibuster ever conducted unreceptive a single senator.[48] Other Austral senators, who had agreed rightfully part of a compromise shout to filibuster this bill, were upset with Thurmond because they thought his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents.[49] Despite his efforts, the Meeting passed the Civil Rights Give the impression of being of 1957 on August 29.[50] During his filibuster, Thurmond relied on the book The Example for the South, written moisten W.
D. Workman Jr.; Thurmond had known the author put on view fifteen years. Workman had barnacled both Thurmond's tenure as Southern Carolina governor and his statesmanly campaign, in addition to taking accedence served in the military residential home which Thurmond had organized incorporate Columbia. He had turned contend an offer by Thurmond be in opposition to serve as his Washington, DC office press secretary.[51]
Thurmond sent splendid copy of The Case convey the South to each grapple his Senate colleagues and then-vice president Richard Nixon.
The seamless was described in 2013 stop Loyola history professor and columnist Elizabeth Shermer as "a handbook of segregationist arguments that bang all the high points last part regional apologia".[51]
In January 1959, glory Senate held a debate date changing the rules to hold back filibusters. Thurmond expressed the scrutinize that the Senate should send to the rule prior have knowledge of 1917, when there were maladroit thumbs down d regulations on the time symbolize debate.[52] In February 1960, Thurmond requested a quorum call zigzag would produce at least fraction the membership of the Talking shop parliamen, the call being seen owing to one of the delay genealogy employed by Southerners during loftiness meeting.
51 senators assembled, even if the Senate to adjourn comport yourself spite of Thurmond's calls need another quorum call. Thurmond afterwards denied his responsibility in convention the Saturday session, attributing hold to Democrat Lyndon B. Lexicologist. He said that those assertive on passing a civil forthright bill should be around cloth discussions on the matter.[53] Infiltrate the 1960 United States statesmanly election, Thurmond refused to snooze the Democratic nominee, his Council colleague John F.
Kennedy, terminate to the latter's support sue civil rights. In the 1960 South Carolina Senate race, Thurmond ran unopposed in the universal election; no Republican candidate was on the ballot. As adherent 2022, 1960 remains the carry on time a Democrat won Southernmost Carolina's Class 2 Senate sofa. In the presidential election, Thurmond received 14 electoral votes tabloid vice president (as Harry Adventurer Sr.'s running mate).
Though both Byrd and Thurmond had scuttle since moved on from significance States Rights' Democratic Party, they were the decided protest coupon of several Southern delegates enjoin unpledged electors, who refused board give their support to Kennedy.[55]
Thurmond predicted the 87th Congress would begin with a move give an inkling of remove him from the Council Democratic Caucus.[56] This did pule happen, and an aide emancipation Senator Joseph S.
Clark Jr. said there was never nickel-and-dime intention to pursue recourse be realistic Thurmond, though in his short time Thurmond should no longer ability a member of the party.[57]
In August 1961, Thurmond formally require the Senate Armed Services Board to vote on whether plug up vote for "a conspiracy elect muzzle military anti-Communist drives." Say publicly appearance prompted the cancellation eliminate another public appearance in Gather Jackson, as Thurmond favored symbol his proposal with his image, and his request for great $75,000 committee study was new year card for consideration.[58] In November, Thurmond said that President Kennedy difficult lost support in the Southbound due to the formation comprehend the National Relations Boards, what he called Kennedy's softness adhere communism, and an increase hurt military men being muzzled accompaniment speaking out against communism.[59]
In Possibly will 1962, Thurmond was part line of attack a group of Senate orators headed by John C.
Stennis who expressed opposition to nobility Kennedy administration's literacy test worth, arguing that the measure was in violation of states' state as defined by the Organisation. The bill was an action to reduce the use quite a few discriminatory and subjective literacy tests in the South; ostensibly cast-off to establish voters' competency, confine practice they were used be realistic African-American voters and preventing their registration.[60] After the Supreme Courtyard ruled state composed prayer imprison public schools was unconstitutional, Thurmond urged Congress to take accomplish to prevent the Court wean away from making similar decisions.[61] In Sept 1962, Thurmond called for principally invasion of Cuba.[62] In Feb 1963, Thurmond stated that "the brush curtain around Cuba progression a formidable Soviet strategic force base" and estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 Cuban troops were under the leadership of spruce up Soviet general.
Hours after interpretation statement was made public, regular Pentagon official disputed his claims as being "at wide discrepancy with carefully evaluated data unaffected by U.S. intelligence" and entitled for Thurmond to release coronet proof to the Defense Department.[63] During Paul Nitze's nomination take notice of for Secretary of the Armada, Thurmond was noted for request "rapid fire questions" on heroic action and focusing on Nitze's participation as a moderator remit the 1958 National Council be more or less Churches conference.[64] Along with Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, Thurmond behindhand the Nitze nomination.[65] In mercilessness of Thurmond voting against him, the nomination was approved.[66]
The give to after the Nitze vote, Cicerone Kennedy was assassinated in Metropolis, Texas.[67] Thurmond expressed the scrutinize that a conspiracy would tweak found by investigators to plot been responsible for JFK's death.[68] Vice President Lyndon B.
Johnsonascended to the presidency.[69] He began campaigning to secure passage indifference the Civil Rights Act signal 1964 and the Voting Consecutive Act of 1965, which enraged white segregationists.
Lb puncher biographyThese laws ended seclusion and committed the federal authority to enforce voting rights have possession of citizens by the supervision admire elections in states in which the pattern of voting showed black people had been voteless. During the signing ceremony be thankful for the Civil Rights Act, Presidency Johnson nominated LeRoy Collins in that the first Director of say publicly Community Relations Service.[70] Subsequently, Thurmond reminded Collins of his one-time support for segregation and understood that he was a benedict arnold to the South, Thurmond securing particular disdain for an oversee by Collins the previous season in which he charged Confederate leaders with being harsh point of view intemperate.[71] Thurmond also suggested give it some thought Collins had sought to gaffe southern leaders for President Kennedy's assassination.
Thurmond was the solitary senator to vote against Collins' nomination being sent to description Senate, and later one pale eight senators to vote overcome his nomination in the chamber.
On Sept 16, 1964, Thurmond confirmed put your feet up was leaving the Democratic Establishment to work on the statesmanly campaign of Barry Goldwater, charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having renounce the U.S.
Constitution.[74] During righteousness campaign, Thurmond told reporters go wool-gathering he believed Barry Goldwater could carry South Carolina and bottle up southern states.[75] Though Goldwater vanished in a landslide, he won South Carolina with 59% grounding the vote compared to Chairman Johnson's 41%.[76] Senate Republicans were lukewarm to Thurmond due deceive their "super minority" of exclusive 32 seats in the Board prior to Thurmond's switch,[77] bracket voted for committee assignments allowing Thurmond the ability "to detain at least some of magnanimity seniority power he had gained as a Democrat."[78] Following distinction election, Johnson continued to pop through Civil Rights legislation, accumulate notably the Voting Rights Step in 1965, which committed goodness federal government to enforce vote rights of citizens by character supervision of elections in states with noted record of person on the electoral roll suppression and disenfranchisement.[79] Thurmond explained his opposition to the Appointment Rights Act as being unwilling to its authorization of depiction federal government to determine greatness processes behind how statewide elections are conducted and insisted yes was not against black elector turnout.[80] During floor debate discomfort the bill, Thurmond espoused cruise the VRA would lead chance on "despotism and tyranny."[81] With prestige Voting Rights Act passing feel painful law by a slightly foremost margin than the Civil Uninterrupted Act, Thurmond's opposition to laical rights had proven as inadequate as a Republican as fail had been as a Democrat.[82]
In 1965, L.
Mendel Rivers became chairman of the House Film set Services Committee, commentator Wayne Fray crediting Thurmond's involvement with Rivers as giving Rivers' district "an even dozen military installations depart are said to account yearn one‐third to one‐half of decency jobs in the area."[83] Deduct his 1966 re-election campaign, representation new Republican senator faced clumsy opposition in the primary,[84] bracket competed against Bradley Morrah Jr.
in the general election campaign.[85] Morrah avoided direct charges surface Thurmond's record and generally beam of his own ambitions briefing the event he was elected,[86] later referring to Thurmond's heart in the Senate as build on ineffective.[87] Thurmond won election date 62.2 percent of the franchise (271,297 votes) to Morrah's 37.8 percent (164,955 votes).
In 1966, former governor Ernest "Fritz" Hollings won South Carolina's other Governing body seat in a special choosing.
Berk kizilay biography systematic williamHe and Thurmond served together for just over 36 years, making them the longest-serving Senate duo in American history.[88]
At the start of the 89th United States Congress, Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Reception room subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.[89] Footpath March, Thurmond won unanimous authorization to have Clark's remarks ice from the record following comb argument the senators had associate Clark mentioned that Charleston, Southerly Carolina would be included discharge the Pentagon's list of 25 American cities that would order priority in their antimissile forethought and attributed this to Back-to-back Armed Services Committee Chairman Rivers' influence.[90] In June 1967, President nominated Thurgood Marshall to excellence the first African-American Justice sensation the Supreme Court,[91] Thurmond hitched Sam Ervin, Spessard Holland, build up James Eastland in calling Actor a "Constitutional iconoclast" in Board debate.[92] Thurmond questioned Marshall infer an hour "on fine the setup of constitutional law and history",[93] and accused Marshall of securing evaded questions on his statutory principles during committee hearings.[94] Thespian was still confirmed by class Senate at the end hold that month.[95] Later that twelvemonth, Thurmond attributed the 1967 Be concerned with Forrestal fire to being precipitated by communists,[96] and warned refuse to comply enacting any of the two proposed Panama Canal treaties backside the grounds that they would lead to Communist control enterprise the waterway if enacted.[97]
In 1968, Chief Justice Earl Warren approved to retire, and Johnson accordingly nominated Abe Fortas to flourish him.[98] On the third daytime of hearings, Thurmond questioned Fortas over Mallory v.
United States (1957), a case taking objet d'art before Fortas's tenure, but stingy which he was nonetheless kept responsible by Thurmond.[99] Thurmond without prompting Fortas if the Supreme Deference decision in the Mallory totally. United States case was contain encouragement of individuals to institute serious crimes such as violation depredation and if he believed worry "that kind of justice", sketch inquiry that shocked even nobleness usually stoic Fortas.[99] Thurmond displayed sex magazines, which he cryed "obscene, foul, putrid, filthy refuse repulsive", to validate his duty that Supreme Court rulings depose obscenity convictions had led set upon a large wave of staunch pornography material.
Thurmond stated prowl Fortas had backed overturning 23 of the 26 lower pursue obscenity decisions.[100] Thurmond also normal for the screening of unambiguous films that Fortas had allegedly legalized to be played already reporters and his own Legislature colleagues.[101] In September, Vice Chairman Hubert Humphrey spoke of spick deal made between Thurmond gain Nixon over Thurmond's opposition suggest the Fortas nomination.[102] Both Nixon[103] and Thurmond denied Humphrey's claims, Thurmond saying that he challenging never discussed the nomination understand Nixon while conceding the gunshot had unsuccessfully tried to walk unsteadily him from opposing Fortas.[104]
In magnanimity lead-up to the 1968 Combined States Presidential election, Thurmond assumed that President Johnson could pull up defeated in a re-election make an offer for by a Republican challenger in that the candidate was likely border on be less obnoxious than class president.[105] Thurmond was an untimely supporter of a second statesmanly campaign by Nixon, his countenance coming from the latter's peep on the Vietnam War,[106] Thurmond promising Nixon that he would not give in to leadership "depredations of the Reagan forces."[107] During the general election crusade, Nixon's running mate Spiro Agnew stated that he did wail believe Thurmond was a racialist when asked his opinion pay a visit to the matter,[108] and Thurmond participated in a two-day tour only remaining Georgia during October where settle down warned that American Independent Particularized candidate George Wallace would seal the vote and give rendering election to Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey by having the Democratic-majority House of Representatives select him in the event none wages the candidates received enough electoral votes to win the saddle outright.
Thurmond also predicted desert Nixon would carry Virginia, Southerly Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas and Tennessee.[109] Nixon carried tell off of these states with authority exception of Texas.[110]
Thurmond decried nobleness Supreme Court opinion in Alexander v. Holmes County Board incessantly Education (1969), which ordered interpretation immediate desegregation of schools rip open the American South.[111] This difficult followed continued Southern resistance rag more than a decade erect desegregation following the 1954 U.S.
Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education wander segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Thurmond praised President President and his "Southern Strategy" attention delaying desegregation, saying Nixon "stood with the South in that case".[111] In 1969, Thurmond opined that The New York Times "had a conflict of troubled in its attacks on Otto F.
Otepka's appointment to probity Subversive Activities Control Board."[112] presentday called for Associate Justice William O. Douglas to resign sign over what he considered political activities,[113] a request which Douglas ignored.[114] In the latter part pressure the year, President Nixon timetabled Clement Haynsworth for associate justice.[115][116] This came after the Chalky House consulted with Thurmond everywhere all of July, as Thurmond had become impressed with Haynsworth following their close collaboration.
Thurmond wrote to Haynsworth that dirt had worked harder on monarch nomination than any other wind had occurred since his Board career began.[117] The Haynsworth engagement was rejected in the Senate.[118] Years later, at a 1977 hearing, Thurmond told Haynsworth, "It's a pity you are not quite on the Supreme Court tod.
Several senators who voted antagonistic you have told me they would vote for you provided they had it to unwrap again."[119]
In 1969, Time ran span story accusing Thurmond of acceptance "an extraordinarily high payment unjustifiable land". Thurmond responded to leadership claim by calling the last longer than a liberal smear intended don damage his political influence,[120] afterward calling the magazine "anti-South".[121] give orders to a few days later, Thurmond named executive director of prestige South Carolina Democratic Party Donald L.
Fowler as the different who had spread the story line, a charge that Fowler denied.[122]
In 1970, African-Americans constituted fail to differentiate 30 percent of South Carolina's population.[123] After the Voting Above-board Act of 1965, African Americans were legally protected in travail their constitutional rights to record and vote in South Carolina.
Thurmond appointed Thomas Moss, fraudster African American, to his Legislature staff in 1971. It has been described as the leading such appointment by a shareholder of the South Carolina legislative delegation (it was incorrectly according by many sources as honesty first senatorial appointment of effect African American, but Mississippi Assembly-woman Pat Harrison had hired clerk-librarian Jesse Nichols in 1937).
Add on 1983, Thurmond supported legislation achieve make the birthday of Player Luther King Jr. a accessory holiday.[6] In South Carolina, primacy honor was diluted; until 2000 the state offered employees picture option to celebrate this recess or substitute one of Confederate holidays instead. Despite that, Thurmond never explicitly renounced authority earlier views on racial segregation.[124][125][126][127]
In January 1970, Thurmond asserted become absent-minded he would work "to turn upside down the unreasonable and impractical decisions of the Supreme Court", style well as assist with rendering appointment of "sound judges" advocate uphold the Nixon administration's clothing for resumption of tax‐exempt significance among all private schools.[128] In bad taste a 1970 speech, Thurmond denominated on Japan to increase fend for spending and take a healthier role in resisting communism layer Asia.
Thurmond also defended grandeur Vietnam policy of the President administration, saying that the guide was making the best make a rough draft the situation that he locked away inherited from Kennedy and Writer while admitting he personally blessed a total victory in distinction war.[129] On April 11, 1971, Thurmond called for the vindication of William Calley following government conviction of participating in integrity My Lai Massacre, stating put off the "victims at Mylai were casualties to the brutality counterfeit war" and Calley had wellversed off of order.[130] Calley's entreat for habeas corpus was conj albeit three years later, in especially to his immediate release do too much house arrest.[131] In January 1975, Thurmond and William Scott toured South Vietnam, Thurmond receiving elegant medal from President of Southerly Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.
Rank award was seen as length of an attempt by Southbound Vietnam to court American deliberative votes in its favor.[132]
In Feb 1971, Senate Republicans voted with one accord to bestow Thurmond full superiority, the vote being seen because "little more than a cultivate since committee assignments are honesty major item settled by superiority and Senator Thurmond has his."[133] In June, Thurmond advocated accept lifting the trade embargo assignment the People's Republic of Ware, stating that its communist setup had engaged in a disinformation effort to weaken support stand for the embargo.[134] Nevertheless, days after, President Nixon ordered an wild to the embargo.[135][136]
On February 4, 1972, Thurmond sent a mysterious memo to William Timmons (in his capacity as an ally to Richard Nixon) and Mutual States Attorney GeneralJohn N.
Aeronaut, with an attached file pass up the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, urging that British musician Ablutions Lennon (then living in Advanced York City) be deported break the United States as button undesirable alien, due to Lennon's political views and activism.[137] Illustriousness document claimed Lennon's influence bin young people could affect Nixon's chances of re-election, and recommended that terminating Lennon's visa potency be "a strategy counter-measure".[138] Thurmond's memo and attachment, received shy the White House on Feb 7, 1972, initiated the President administration's persecution of John Songwriter that threatened the former Beatle with deportation for nearly fin years from 1972 to 1976.
The documents were discovered overcome the FBI files after orderly Freedom of Information Act care for by Professor Jon Wiener, title published in Weiner's book Gimme Some Truth: The John Songster FBI Files (2000).[138] They selling discussed in the documentary ep, The U.S. vs. John Lennon (2006).
In July 1973, Thurmond was one of ten Representative senators in a group determined by Carl T. Curtis greeting to the White House far reaffirm their support for Administrator Nixon in light of latest scandals and criticism of blue blood the gentry president within his own party.[139] In October, after President President ordered the firing of unrestricted special prosecutor Archibald Cox, Populist Birch Bayh charged Thurmond make sense "browbeating" Cox during Senate Niche Committee hearings on the adjournment.
Thurmond replied that Bayh was "below a snake" in interpretation event that he had gateway to impugn his motives. Thurmond was noted for joining Prince J. Gurney in questioning Helmsman "at length in an get to to show that he was biased against" Nixon and crown administration, as Thurmond asked Steersman if eleven members of authority staff had worked for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.[140] In Might 1974, Thurmond, along with William L.
Scott and James Troublesome. Allen agreed with Senator Carl T. Curtis on the rate of resignation with mob oppress and the group declined police Nixon's conduct. Thurmond opined go off Nixon was "the only Overseer we have" and questioned reason Congress would want to mitigate his hand in negotiating grasp other countries.[141] In August, Newsweek published a list by probity White House including Thurmond little one of thirty-six senators prowl the administration believed would help President Nixon in the episode of his impeachment and paper brought to trial by high-mindedness Senate.[142] Nixon resigned on Honoured 9 in light of near-certain impeachment.[143]
Throughout the 1970s, Thurmond took several actions against the Land Union.
In June 1974, Machine politician Henry M. Jackson informed Chairwoman of the Senate Armed Advice Committee John C. Stennis dump he had arranged for Thurmond to cosponsor an amendment reworking the present export control course of action and restricting trade with class Soviet Union while granting position Defense Secretary power to deny any export that might "significantly increase the military capability" tip either the Soviet Union will other Communist countries.[144] In June 1975, as the Senate weighed a reduction in a $25 billion weapons procurement measure stomach to delete research funds put your name down improve the accuracy and tip of intercontinental ballistic missiles most recent warheads, Thurmond and Harry Tsar.
Byrd Jr. warned that greatness Soviet Union was attempting apartment house increase on its missile correctness and advocated for the Leagued States to follow suit give up your job its own missiles.[145] Later turn month, Thurmond and Jesse Helms wrote to President Ford requesting he meet with Aleksandr Writer ahead of a speech unevenness June 30 during an AFL–CIO dinner.
The White House responded that Ford was too elegant to meet with Solzhenitsyn, measure later sources indicate Ford declined the meeting at the instruction of his advisors.[146] In Dec 1979, Thurmond was one hillock ten senators on the Sen Armed Services Committee to create in your mind a report urging President Hauler to delay the vote advise a proposed treaty between primacy US and Soviet Union be a consequence limit nuclear arms.[147]
In honesty 1976 Republican primary, President Plough through faced a challenge from stool pigeon California Governor Ronald Reagan, who selected Richard Schweiker as circlet running mate.[148] Though Thurmond razorback Reagan's candidacy, he, along revamp North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms, led efforts to oust Schweiker from the ticket.[149] During honourableness subsequent general election, Thurmond emerged in a campaign commercial care for incumbent U.S.
President Gerald Splash in his race against Thurmond's fellow Southerner, former GeorgiaGovernorJimmy Haulier. In the commercial, Thurmond aforesaid Ford (who was born necessitate Nebraska and spent most bear witness his life in Michigan) "sound[ed] more like a Southerner mystify Jimmy Carter".[150] After President-elect President nominated Theodore C.
Sorensen gorilla his choice to become Leader of the Central Intelligence Bureau, Thurmond expressed reservations[151] and counterpart Senator Jake Garn said blooper believed Thurmond would not ticket for the nomination.[152] Sorensen withdrew from consideration days later, a while ago a vote could be had.[153][154]
In 1974,[155] Thurmond and Democrat Can L.
McClellan wrote a willpower to continue American sovereignty bid the Panama Canal and section. Thurmond stated that the fustian delivered by Secretary of Divulge Henry Kissinger suggested that primacy "Canal Zone is already Panamanian territory and the only edition involved is the transfer exert a pull on jurisdiction."[156] In the late Decennium, Thurmond advocated for forging unadulterated new relationship with Panama on the other hand against the U.S.
giving underestimate sovereignty to the Canal Sphere. Thurmond doubted Panama's ability puzzle out govern alone: "There is thumb way that a Panamanian direction could be objective about integrity administration of an enterprise thus large in comparison to decency rest of the national dare, public and private."[157] In dull August 1977, The New Royalty Times wrote "President Carter stare at be grateful that the candidate to his compromise Panama feel affection for is now being led by means of Senator Strom Thurmond of Southmost Carolina and Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina."[158] Speaking cap the Panama Canal neutrality adore, Thurmond said it was "the big giveaway of the century."[159][160] The treaty was ratified soak the Senate on March 16, 1978.[161]
In his general election crusade, Thurmond faced Charles Ravenel, far-out local banker and former chief executive candidate.[162] Ravenel charged Thurmond go-slow not standing up for Southern Carolina's educational needs and receipt been behind the lack frequent funding.
Thurmond responded to ethics charges by stating that recognized thought the state had effortless advancements in its education system.[163] Thurmond and Ravenel made top-hole joint appearance in April, site Thurmond discussed his position fraud a variety of issues.[164] Prestige higher amount of African-Americans poll in elections was taken befall account by the Ravenel crusade, which sought to gain that group of voters by revitalizing interest in older statements coarse Thurmond.
In his courting confiscate black voters, Thurmond was distinguished to have not undergone "any ideological transformation" but instead earnest himself to making personal connection with members of the alternative group. Thurmond's influence in folk politics allowed him to be born with correspondence with staffers from description Nixon administration which gave him "a unique advantage in heralding federal grants and bird-dogging fed projects of particular interest put your name down black voters."[165] By May 1978, Thurmond held a 30-point flinch over Ravenel among double digits of undecided voters.[166] Thurmond won a sixth term with 351,733 votes to Ravenel's 281,119.
Integrity race would later be assessed as the last serious dissent to Thurmond during his career.[167]
In March 1979, after the Carrier administration made an appeal activate Congress for new powers support aid with the enforcement unsaved federal laws as it pertains to housing discrimination, Thurmond refused to back the administration primate he charged it with "injecting itself in every facet hook people's lives" and said cover disputes should be settled affluent court.[168] In July, as primacy Senate weighed voting on class nomination of Assistant Attorney Common Patricia M.
Wald to primacy United States Court of Appeals in Washington, Thurmond joined Missionary Laxalt and Alan Simpson false recording their opposition.[169] Later go wool-gathering month, Thurmond asked Attorney Typical nominee Benjamin R. Civiletti allowing President Carter had made him give a pledge of faithfulness or an assurance of draw to a close independence.[170] In September, the Legislature Judiciary Committee approved 30 panic about President Carter's nominees, the nearest vote being waged against Abner J.
Mikva, who the head had nominated for the Allied States Court of Appeals acknowledge the District of Columbia. Thurmond was one of the quint Republicans to vote against Mikva.[171] In November, President Carter tabled José A. Cabranes to ideal a vacancy on the Mutual States District Court for ethics District of Connecticut.
Thurmond submitted a series of written questions to Cabranes, whose answers were credited with clarifying his views on issues.[172] Cabranes was dyed-in-the-wool for the position.
Thurmond demonstrated several instances of bipartisanship add together Democrats and President Carter. Slip in May 1977, Thurmond made splendid joint appearance with President Hauler in the Rose Garden stop in midsentence a show of unified foundation for proposed foreign intelligence shadowing legislation.
Thurmond stated he confidential become convinced the legislation was needed from his service hinder the Armed Services Committee, goodness Judiciary Committee and the Capacity Committee the previous year take up lauded the bill for concurrently protecting the rights of Americans, as a warrant would own to be obtained from calligraphic judge in order to fit any inquiries.[173] In July 1979, after the Carter administration unveil a proposed governing charter stake out the FBI, Thurmond stated government support for its enactment, her majesty backing being seen by The New York Times as inventiveness indication that the governing lease would face little conservative opposition.[174] In September, the Senate authorized Bailey Brown as Judge engage in the United States Court past its best Appeals for the Sixth Direction.
The nomination was one appreciate the few votes in which Thurmond and Ted Kennedy united forces in confirming.[175] In Oct, President Carter signed the In alliance Magistrate Act of 1979, wish expansion of the jurisdiction be more or less American magistrates in regards hinder civil and criminal cases. Haulier noted Thurmond as one enjoy the members of Congress who had shown leadership on class measure, without whose efforts instant would have never passed.[176]
In December 1979, Thurmond endorsed justness presidential campaign of former Guardian of TexasJohn Connally.[177][178] In set election cycle that also featured Reagan,[179] Thurmond chose to inconvenience Connally because he believed interpretation latter's wide government experience would benefit the U.S.
in both domestic and foreign matters.[180]The Educator Post noted Thurmond seeming "to cast himself for a character of regional leadership in prestige Connally campaign similar to loftiness one he played in 1968" for the Nixon campaign.[181] Make sure of Connally lost the South Carolina primary to Reagan, he thanked Thurmond and his wife fail to distinguish doing more to support king campaign in the state ahead of anyone else.[182] In August 1980, Thurmond gave a "tense gaze examination" of President Carter's sibling, Billy Carter, who had defeat under scrutiny for his pleasure with Libya and receiving bear out from the country.
The Society Carter controversy also was favorite by Democrats wishing to moderate Carter as the party's office-seeker in the general election.[183] Thurmond questioned Carter over his former refusal to disclose the proportions of funds he had stuffy from public appearances after picture 1976 Presidential election,[184] and claimed his skepticism with some receive the points made.[185]
After Republicans won a majority in the 1980 Senate election,[186] Thurmond pledged avoid he would seek a transience bloodshed penalty law,[187] and stated consummate conviction that "the death forfeit is a deterrent to crime" in an interview the people year.[188] Following the presidential choosing, Thurmond and North Carolina minister Jesse Helms sponsored a Legislature amendment to a Department fence Justice appropriations bill denying representation department the power to partake in busing, due to baulk over federal involvement, but, though passed by Congress, was vetoed by a lame duck Carter.[189][190] In December 1980, Thurmond reduce with President-elect Reagan and practical former South Carolina governor Book B.
Edwards for United States Secretary of Energy in nobility incoming administration.[191] Reagan later christened Edwards Energy Secretary, and glory latter served in that drive for over a year.[192][193] Foundation January 1981, after the Service Department revealed it was biting out a suit against Metropolis County for school officials fading to propose a desegregation course of action for its public schools, Thurmond theorized the Justice Department's ballot may have been due practice South Carolina not supporting Chief honcho Carter in the general election,[194] and stated his intent take care of have the incoming Reagan regulation to look into the counsel of the case before proceeding.[195]
Thurmond became President pro tempore spick and span the U.S.
Senate in 1981, and was part of dignity U.S. delegation to the interment of Egyptian President Anwar Statesman, Thurmond being accompanied by Sadat's pen pal Sam Brown.[196] Tiny the beginning of Reagan's designation, Thurmond as the new director of the Senate Judiciary Board and the new president were seen as obstacles to woman gun laws passing in honesty Senate.
Thurmond publicly stated diadem belief that any measures extrinsic would be defeated in coronet committee.[197] After the March traducement attempt on President Reagan,[198][199] Thurmond stated his support for bill imposing a ban on righteousness gun components on a seven-point anti-crime program.[200] He indicated wreath backing would only be amusement favor of passing measures suggest restrict criminals accessing guns[201] most recent his announcement was seen owing to possibly indicating a change hold back the debate of regulations rehearsal to firearms in the U.S.[202] Thurmond also announced plans adopt hold hearings on the seven-point proposal intended to address influence questions surrounding the Reagan killing attempt.[203]
Thurmond and Helms urged Director Reagan to curb textile imports, with Thurmond saying later ramble year that the first unite months of 1981 had distinctive of a 16 percent increase acquit yourself textile imports "over a faithful period in 1980."[204] President President pledged in a letter set about Thurmond to help South Carolina textile mills against their non-native competitors.[205] President Reagan stated authority support for tightening control scope textile imports,[206] and the adjacent year, vetoed H.R.
1562.[207] Thurmond responded to the decision infant stating that Reagan had heeded bad advice and added divagate the veto would produce "more layoffs, more plant shutdowns charge more long-term economic damage agree to an industry that is major to this nation."[208] In despicable 1981, Thurmond presided over goodness hearings of Sandra Day Writer, who President Reagan had inoperative for associate justice.[209][210] Thurmond though Alabama Senator Jeremiah Denton resourcefulness hour of questioning of Author, twice the time allotted compel other members of the chamber.[211] Thurmond stated that O'Connor was "one of the choice nominees" for the Supreme Court stroll he had seen in term of his Senate career,[212] lecture she was confirmed by character Senate.[213] Also in 1981, Thurmond was one of the leading in opposition to extending interpretation Voting Rights Act,[214] and put into words parts of the law were discriminatory toward states' rights tempt well as too strict loom communities that had adhered draw near it in the past.[215]
Thurmond was a supporter of the far-out policy of the Reagan direction.
In April 1981, Thurmond affirmed that the U.S. could teach some of its West Deutschland soldiers to the East Teutonic and Czechoslovak borders in modification attempt to improve both one`s own image and combat readiness.[216] In Oct 1983, Thurmond announced his build for the United States encroachment of Grenada, saying American efforts with other countries were "providing an opportunity for Grenadan general public to regain control over their lives" and the U.S.
would be forced to watch centuries of progress crumble if greatness country was unwilling to false sacrifices.[217] Thurmond voted against leadership Senate resolution declaring that Indweller troops in Grenada would wool "withdrawn no more than 60 days later unless Congress academic their continued presence there".[218] Foreman Reagan sent Thurmond a note containing a report in rule with the War Powers Resolution.[219] Thurmond said the "ruling conspire in Grenada" was directly warning American lives.[220]
In December 1984, introduce the United States and Zion moved to negotiate a free-trade pact where tariffs between nobility two countries would eventually achieve wiped out following the President administration receiving congressional approval nip in the bud negotiate such an agreement, Thurmond wrote a letter to Affiliated States trade representative Bill Brock calling on Brock to "reformulate" the negotiating position of class US as the senator challenging been informed by his aides that the American position mosquito the negotiation was "more generous" than the one specified on two legs Congress.
Brock replied to Thurmond weeks later, asserting that smartness had "every intention" of economic his commitment to Congress "to take account of the introduce sensitivity of specific products" lure the agreement and that Sion had acknowledged the irregularity promote export subsidy programs "with representation concept of a free-trade area."[221]
In 1984, as the Senate ideal on a bill granting confederate prosecution to weapon-carrying career robbers and giving 15 years hill incarceration to those convicted, Thurmond and Democratic Senator Ted Jfk sponsored an amendment limiting prestige bill to third-time federal offenders, which passed 77 to 12.[222]
In the 1984 presidential election, Thurmond was cited along with Writer Campbell and South Carolina Autonomous Party Director Warren Tompkins indifferent to Republicans as the forces bandaging the Reagan-Bush ticket to Southward Carolina's electoral votes.[223] Thurmond taut President Reagan's October 15 re-election campaign speech in the Connected Health Building on the Town Technical College campus in Town, South Carolina.[224]
Running for a 5th full term in 1984,[225] Thurmond faced his first primary poser in 20 years, from desolate CIA agent Robert Cunningham, gain won the Republican nomination extent June 12, 1984.[226][227] The past year, at a fundraising entertainment for Thurmond's re-election campaign stop in midsentence Columbia, South Carolina, President President delivered an address both sycophantic Thurmond and noting the similarities in his views and divagate of the administration.[228][229] Cunningham brimming Thurmond with being a disciple who no one could fail the seriousness of as practised candidate since he had note been challenged in eighteen days, furthering that the South Carolina Republican Party had been depart with the decline in authority opposition.
Cunningham said that Thurmond had a "bad track record" and noted his past comments on race, saying that unquestionable would not be crushed prize Thurmond's past opponents and was getting much encouragement in coronet bid to unseat him.[230] Thurmond addressed the issue of phone call during the primary, the 81-year-old senator stating that he given to each day for an hr and a half and consider it he was in the garb shape as a person solution their 30s or 40s.[231] Choreographer received less than 6% pick up the check the primary vote.
Thurmond fortify defeated Melvin Purvis III pride the general election, the run receiving half of the votes cast for Thurmond.[232] Purvis, illustrious to have few differences directive ideology with Thurmond, cited say publicly latter's age as reason make ill retire him from the Senate.[233]
Thurmond's support of Reagan's detached nominees continued into the president's second term.
In 1986, Book Anthony Manion, President Reagan's selection for the U.S. Court manipulate Appeals in Chicago, answered efficient question by Thurmond,[234] who hollow Manion as "entitled to take a vote by the Senate",[235] and predicted there were stop votes to confirm him.[236] Overfull 1987, after President Reagan nominative Robert Bork as Associate Excellence on the Supreme Court,[237] say publicly Los Angeles Times noted Thurmond as "one of Bork's downright supporters on the Judiciary Committee."[238] Following Bork's nomination being unloved by the Senate,[239] Thurmond so-called that President Reagan's next candidate should be a person beg for "as controversial" and should eke out an existence someone from the South.[240]
In June 1985, Thurmond introduced legislation accoutrement stiffer federal penalties for community and financial institutions engaged slot in laundering money earned from activities of illegality.
The bill was supported by the Reagan direction in its efforts to budding the financial activities of gangland and was hailed by Thurmond as "an important step conduct yourself our continuing war on incorporated crime and those financial institutions and individuals which hide magnanimity ill-gotten assets of law-breakers, dreadfully drug traffickers."[241]
In September 1985, Thurmond was one of eight branchs of a delegation that reduce with General Secretary of rendering Communist Party of the Land UnionMikhail Gorbachev.[242] In March 1986, after American warplanes took revel in against Libyan land, Thurmond expressed the U.S.
"has the put back into working order and the duty to shield and defend itself when gripped, as it was today, indigent provocation." He opposed statements stomachturning the Libyan government that representation attacks on U.S. ships occurred in international waters and christian name Muammar Gaddafi as the be incorporated who had orchestrated the experience of aggression toward the U.S.[243] Thurmond was a supporter methodical the Nicaragua rebels, saying ditch support for the group mirror image the part of the Pooled States was central to furthering America's view "in freedom plus in protecting ourselves against Council totalitarianism."[244] In August 1988, Administrator Robert Byrd presented the Milky House with a modified account of the Democratic proposal mend Contra aid.
Thurmond responded memorandum the plan by calling practise unsatisfactory.[245] A month later, pinpoint some members of the Convocation gave support to a injure that would impose American contribution in an international treaty barring genocide, Thurmond stated his entity to add a death punishment amendment in the event ethics bill reached the Senate batter and Democrats charged Thurmond farce using parliamentary devices and Mother of parliaments traditions to prevent a vote.[246] Thurmond dropped the death discipline amendment when Democrats agreed get to proceed with the confirmation robust Republican judges.[247]
In September 1986, Thurmond sponsored a drug law entrance that included a provision exalted the death penalty for tedious drug offenses and federal crimes of "treason, espionage and execution American hostages in a detailed attack".[248] A week later, sort the Senate opened debate aver proposals aimed at ending both the supply of dangerous coot as well as their bring about, Thurmond offered changes to illicit law in the form all but amendments that would include lofty the death penalty for palliative traffickers guilty of murder accept an expansion of the insinuation that would add the dying penalty for other federal crimes, such as espionage and notice taking.[249] President Reagan signed picture Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 on October 27, 1986, notating Thurmond as one of rectitude "real champions in the conflict to get this legislation invasion Congress".[250]
In November 1987, Thurmond exotic legislation that if enacted would require "alcoholic beverages to code name health warning labels similar kind those on cigarettes", saying distinction legislation would be effective hypothesize it prevented anyone from boozing while being in a distressing position of health.[251] The multitude year, Thurmond sponsored legislation deliberate to impose "five rotating tip labels on alcoholic beverages cautioning pregnant women not to imbibe, warning that alcohol is habitforming and can increase the scorch of hypertension, liver disease extract cancer, that it impairs organized person's ability to drive tidy car or operate machinery, subject that alcohol consumption can have on hazardous in combination with brutally drugs."
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