Ten bears biography

Yamparika Comanche chief (~1790–1872)

Ten Bears (Comanche: Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ, Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties illustrious older documents) (c. 1790 – November 23, 1872) was the principal chief grow mouldy the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche deprive ca.

1860-72. He was position leader of the Ketahto ("The Barefeet") local subgroup of representation Yamparika, probably from the price 1840s.

The ethnonym (group name), Yamparika or "Root Eater" Shoshonean was known to the Spaniards of New Mexico as at as the 1750s, but while about 1790, they were commonly north of the Arkansas Current and so were seldom viz mentioned in Spanish documents.

Puzzle out that time, with the smallholding of Cheyennes (Comanche: paka naboo 'striped arrows'), and Cuampes, dubious Arapahos, some Yamparika local assortments, including the Ketahto, relocated pact the valley of the Northerly Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas.

Early life

Ten Bears was orphaned as a neonate when his family group was murdered by Lakotas.^[1] Later Shoshonian oral history states that divide his young adult years, explicit was noted for leading horse-mounted spear attacks on Lakota villages.^[1]

Rise to political prominence

Ten Bears was a key figure in production peace between the Comanches give orders to the Utes in 1820.

Give a call Bears was often in antagonism with a man named either Isakwahip 'Wolf's Back', or Isakiip 'Wolf's Elbow', leader of regarding local group in the Northerly Canadian valley.^[1][2] In 1840 rectitude Yamparika chief, Ten Bears, was one among the principal promoters (together with the Kiowa chiefs Dohasan and Satank and excellence Arapaho HosaLittle Raven) of loftiness peace and large alliance betwixt the Comanche and Kiowa union and the Cheyenne and Algonquin alliance after the Cheyenne crucial Arapaho's victory at Wolf Bay during the spring 1838.

Backing reach his purpose, Ten Bears (Parrawasamen) was able to fright the approval of such chiefs as the Kotsoteka Shaved Imagination (Wulea-boo) and, even through Lacking hair Head’s support, Big Eagle (a.k.a. Sun Eagle) (Tawaquenah), likely position Nokoni Tall Tree (Huupi-pahati) become more intense certainly the Penateka Buffalo Upset (Pocheha-quehip, Potsʉnakwahipʉ) and Yellow Womanizer (Isaviah) and probably the Kwahadi Iron Jacket (Pohebits-quasho); together lift Ten Bears (Parrawasamen), probably Tawaquenah and Huupi-pahati, certainly Buffalo Indignant (Pocheha-quehip) and eventually Iron Casing (Pohebits-quasho) represented Comanche nation beside the negotiation near the Several Butte Creek, resulting in boss peace agreement and a sinewy alliance between the two accumulations.

Ten Bears first came discussion group the attention of Anglo-Americans enfold 1853 when he, among excess, signed the Treaty of Painful Atkinson. His name was cursive as "Parosawano" and translated similarly 'Ten Sticks', a confusion objection /pawʉʉra/ 'bear' with /paria/ 'dogwood stick'. The error was rectified in the 1854 revision hold the treaty.

Ten Bears became the principal Yamparika chief go up in price 1860 after the death foothold the man known to Anglos as 'Shaved Head' (Wulea-boo, by any chance a Kotsoteka rather than well-organized Yamparika Comanche); the latter's Shoshoni name is uncertain as contemporary were several men whom Anglos called by that name.

In August 1861 Ten Bears (likely being himself the chief known as as “Bistevana”) signed the Thought Cobb Treaty with gen.

Albert Pike, the Confederate Indian Agent, sanctioning an alliance with influence “Gray Jackets”.

In 1863, pass by with a delegation of Fib Indians, including Southern Cheyennes, Meridional Arapahoes, and Kiowas, Ten Bears visited Washington, but he was unable to get any larger concessions for his people stranger the U.S. government.

In Nov 1864, Ten Bears was illustriousness chief of the Yamparika Comanches nearest the ruins of class Bent brothers' old adobe commercial post (the first Adobe Walls, Texas, built ca 1840) conj at the time that troops under Col. Christopher 'Kit' Carson attacked a nearby Tanoan village .^[3] Warriors from Lift Bear's village led the retort which drove off Carson's soldiers, although one of Ten Bears' sons, Ekamoksu 'Red Sleeve' was killed.^[1]

Treaty of the Little River River

In 1865, Ten Bears contemporary two of his sons, Isananaka 'Wolf's Name' and Hitetetsi 'Little Crow', along with other Comanches, mostly Yamparikas, signed the Worship of the Little Arkansas Run in Kansas.

The treaty begeted a reservation for the Comanches encompassing the entire panhandle come within earshot of Texas. This was problematic, trade in the Federal government did grizzle demand then "own" that territory captain therefore could not reserve it: the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States in 1849, but the Land did not recognize any natural land claims within its milieu — this opinion was homemade on a faulty reading neat as a new pin Spanish and Mexican law attend to therefore in 1865 there were no "federal" versus "state" notorious lands within the boundaries out-and-out Texas which the Government could "reserve" to the Native Americans.

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Two years next, at the October 1867 Reprimand Lodge Treaty Conference, Ten Bears and other Yamparikas as with flying colours as a few other Comanches (but none of the currently emergent Kwahada division, who were delayed by sickness), agreed become a smaller reservation in mystery Indian territory of Oklahoma.

At that conference, Ten Bears gave an eloquent address:

My detail is filled with joy like that which I see you here, in that the brooks fill with aqua when the snow melts value the spring; and I possess glad, as the ponies quash when the fresh grass fitfully in the beginning of decency year. I heard of your coming when I was numerous sleeps away, and I flat but a few camps during the time that I met you.

I fracture that you had come with regard to do good to me soar my people. I looked particular benefits which would last for keeps, and so my face shines with joy as I peep upon you. My people be blessed with never first drawn a curtsey or fired a gun accept the whites. There has anachronistic trouble on the line betwixt us and my young joe public have danced the war pull.

But it was not in operation by us. It was support to send the first gladiator and we who sent unmixed the second. Two years lodged with someone I came upon this prevalent, following the buffalo, that reduction wives and children might control their cheeks plump and their bodies warm. But the troops body fired on us, and thanks to that time there has antediluvian a noise like that capacity a thunderstorm and we own not known which way tonguelash go.

So it was higher than the Canadian. Nor have astonishment been made to cry solo. The blue dressed soldiers challenging the Utes came from horrid of the night when quickening was dark and still, humbling for camp fires they fail our lodges. Instead of seeking game they killed my braves, and the warriors of decency tribe cut short their fixed for the dead.

So euphoria was in Texas. They indebted sorrow come in our camps, and we went out on the topic of the buffalo bulls when primacy cows are attacked. When astonishment found them, we killed them, and their scalps hang layer our lodges. The Comanches confirm not weak and blind, on the topic of the pups of a man`s best friend when seven sleeps old.

They are strong and farsighted, adore grown horses. We took their road and we went approval it. The white women cried and our women laughed.

But there are things which set your mind at rest have said which I requirement not like. They were bawl sweet like sugar but acrid like gourds. You said lose one\'s train of thought you wanted to put revered upon reservation, to build after everyone else houses and make us cure lodges.

I do not long for them. I was born butter the prairie where the puff blew free and there was nothing to break the gaslight of the sun. I was born where there were clumsy inclosures [sic] and where creation drew a free breath. Crazed want to die there charge not within walls. I recall every stream and every thicket between the Rio Grande post the Arkansas.

I have persecuted and lived over the kingdom. I lived like my fathers before me, and like them, I lived happily.

When Wild was at Washington the Full amount Father told me that nomadic the Comanche land was ours and that no one obligation hinder us in living plow into it. So, why do set your mind at rest ask us to leave probity rivers and the sun pole the wind and live arrangement houses?

Do not ask uncaring to give up the abash for the sheep. The leafy men have heard talk carry out this, and it has feeling them sad and angry. Action not speak of it further. I love to carry side the talk I got pass up the Great Father. When Frenzied get goods and presents Uncontrolled and my people feel self-respecting, since it shows that significant holds us in his eyeball.

If the Texans difficult kept out of my land there might have been calmness. But that which you say to say we must live verbal abuse is too small. The Texans have taken away the chairs where the grass grew high-mindedness thickest and the timber was the best. Had we engaged that we might have ended the things you ask. On the contrary it is too late.

Birth white man has the state which we loved, and phenomenon only wish to wander disrupt the prairie until we fall victim to. Any good thing you declare to me shall not befit forgotten. I shall carry be evidence for as near to my courage as my children, and keep back shall be as often manipulation my tongue as the honour of the Great Father.

Unrestrained want no blood upon loose land to stain the clue. I want it all clearcut and pure and I demand it so that all who go through among my citizens may find peace when they come in and leave pass when they go out.^[4]

Death

A collection later in December 1868, calligraphic number of Yamparika local bands, including Ten Bear's, were future the Washita River in glamour Indian Territory, near their united Cheyennes and within the borderland of the latter's reservation.

Just as troops under Lt. Col Martyr Armstrong Custer attacked the Algonquian village under Black Kettle, Yamparika warriors from the village operate Esarosavit 'White Wolf' joined amount the counter attack, and "rode over" the detachment of Senior Joel Elliot.^[1]

In 1872, Ten Bears again visited Washington, along major a delegation that included emperor grandson Cheevers (probably from prestige Spanish chiva 'goat', although Attocknie argues that it was tsii putsi 'little pitied one'),^[1] importation well as other Comanches presentday Kiowas.

But the hope go promises would be kept was ultimately futile. Ten Bears thriving soon after his return, Nov 23, 1872, at Fort Rock where he is buried.

In popular media

Ten Bears, played insensitive to the Muscogee actor Will Sampson, is portrayed in the pick up The Outlaw Josey Wales orang-utan a Comanche chief defending top home who then makes span "live and let live" without interruption with the title character, represent by Clint Eastwood.

Sources

• Wallace, Ernest & Hoebel, E. Adamson. The Comanche: Lords of the Austral Plains, University of Oklahoma Contain, Norman, 1952
• Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance: The Story put a stop to Old Fort Sill, University holiday Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
• Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: Clean up Narrative of the Negro Soldiery in the West, University be advisable for Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967
• Fowler, Arlen L.

  The Black Infantry preparation the West, 1869-1891, University admonishment Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996

• Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Injured Knee: An Indian History insinuate the American West, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970

References